The Effects of Acupuncture Treatment on Sleep Quality and on Emotional Measures among Individuals Living with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study

Table 2

Emotional and clinical measures (means and standard deviations) after each phase of the study and analysis of the comparisons between them.

Emotional and clinical measures	Baseline level; Mean (SD)	Last week of acupuncture treatment; Mean (SD)	𝑡	𝑃 value
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)	2.49 (±0.81)	2.14 (±0.74)	6.67	0.001
Psychopathology score (PANSS)	2.96 (±0.98)	2.65 (±0.94)	8.26	0.001
Positive general symptoms (PANSS)	2.44 (±1.01)	2.04 (±0.88)	5.23	0.001
Negative general symptoms (PANSS)	3.62 (±1.20)	3.47 (±1.20)	2.97	0.008
General symptoms (PANSS)	2.83 (±0.95)	2.43 (±0.93)	7.96	0.001
Depression level (BDI questionnaire)	14.66 (±11.89)	12.01 (±11.61)	1.79	0.088
Depression level (CDSS questionnaire)	7.16 (±6.43)	4.21 (±4.90)	5.04	0.001
State Anxiety level (STAI questionnaire)	2.27 (±0.52)	2.12 (±0.48)	2.98	0.008
Anxiety level (HAS questionnaire)	1.21 (±0.68)	0.73 (±0.49)	5.96	0.001
Quality of Life level (QLESQ questionnaire)	3.60 (±0.58)	3.70 (±0.55)	−2.08	0.051
Anhedonia level (SHAPS questionnaire)	3.49 (±0.34)	3.41 (±0.45)	1.17	0.257