Association between Sleep Disturbances and Leisure Activities in the Elderly: A Comparison between Men and Women
Table 2
Sleep disturbances, sleep duration, sleep medication, general health, functional status, cognition, and mood among men and women in the total sample. Percentages in brackets, significant values in bold.
Men
Women
value
df
P value
Missing data (n)
Mean age (SD)
72.8 (SD 10.1)
74.3 (SD 10.3)
0.035
2
0
Difficulty falling asleep
74 (17.9)
188 (36.5)
38.2
1
<0.001
1
17
Taking or being dependent on medication for sleep
51 (12.3)
103 (19.9)
9.3
1
0.002
1
12
Sleep interrupted during the night
325 (77.9)
446 (86.4)
11.0
1
0.001
1
12
Difficulty sleeping (falling/staying asleep) due to moods or tension
71 (17.3)
165 (32.7)
27.5
1
<0.001
1
30
Difficulty sleeping due to pain or itching
54 (13.0)
111 (21.8)
11.5
1
0.001
1
21
Inability to return to sleep after waking at night
45 (10.9)
112 (21.8)
18.7
1
<0.001
1
17
Waking up early
236 (57.0)
308 (60.2)
0.8
1
0.3671
19
Feeling tired and sleeping for more than two hours during the day
33 (8.0)
39 (7.6)
0.0
0.9101
17
Sleep disturbances 0–8
45.9
1
<0.001
1
61
Poor sleep ≥4
55 (13.9)
165 (33.9)
Good sleep 0–3
342 (86.1)
322 (66.1)
Sleep duration in hours
6.9 (SD 1.2)
6.7 (SD 1.3)
0.048
2
119
Mean, (SD), (min–max)
(3–12)
(2–11)
7.56
0.023
3
119
Short sleep ≤5 h
39 (10.9)
83 (17.7)
Normal sleep 6–9 h
312 (87.2)
376 (80.3)
Long sleep ≥10 h
7 (2.0)
9 (1.9)
Prescribed sleep medication
20.9
4
<0.001
3
10
Never
339 (81.5)
367 (70.7)
Sometimes per month
35 (8.4)
48 (9.2)
Several times per month
3 (0.7)
9 (1.7)
Sometimes per week
8 (1.9)
34 (6.6)
Every night
31 (7.5)
61 (11.8)
General health
7.91
2
0.019
3
15
Poor/fair
131 (31.6)
207 (40.1)
Good
129 (31.2)
152 (29.5)
Very good/excellent
134 (37.2)
157 (30.4)
Functional status
5.997
1
0.014
1
3
Independent
342 (81.4)
389 (74.5)
Dependent on 1–5 activities
78 (18.6)
133 (25.5)
Cognition
0.091
1
0.763
1
5
<24 MMSE
32 (7.6)
36 (6.9)
≥24 MMSE
387 (92.4)
485 (93.1)
Mood (below/over median = 1)
5.485
1
0.019
1
34
Low
209 (51.4)
299 (59.3)
High
198 (48.6)
205 (40.7)
Note: 1Yates' continuity correction, 2Mann-Whitney's U-test, and 3Pearson’s test.
