Sleep Disorders

Research Article

The Association between Psychological Distress and Self-Reported Sleep Duration in a Population-Based Sample of Women and Men

Table 2

Crude and adjusted associations between three forms of psychological distress and short sleep duration among adults aged ≥18 years in 5 states: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013.


Independent variables	Short sleep duration (≤6 hours)
	All		Women		Men
	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)

Model 1: Serious psychological distress	1.95 (1.82, 2.10)	1.58 (1.45, 1.72)	2.04 (1.86, 2.24)	1.56 (1.40, 1.74)	1.89 (1.68, 2.11)	1.58 (1.39, 1.79)
Model 2: K6 category
0	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-2	1.15 (1.07, 1.23)	1.16 (1.08, 1.24)	1.29 (1.17, 1.42)	1.31 (1.18, 1.44)	1.06 (0.96, 1.17)	1.06 (0.96, 1.17)
3–5	1.41 (1.31, 1.51)	1.38 (1.28, 1.48)	1.55 (1.40, 1.71)	1.53 (1.38, 1.68)	1.33 (1.20, 1.47)	1.28 (1.16, 1.42)
6–10	1.78 (1.66, 1.92)	1.67 (1.54, 1.80)	2.04 (1.84, 2.25)	1.86 (1.68, 2.07)	1.63 (1.46, 1.82)	1.53 (1.37, 1.70)
11+	2.40 (2.22, 2.59)	2.11 (1.94, 2.30)	2.69 (2.42, 2.99)	2.25 (2.00, 2.54)	2.26 (2.02, 2.53)	2.02 (1.79, 2.28)
Model 3: Scale measure of psychological distress	1.09 (1.08, 1.11)	1.08 (1.07, 1.10)	1.11 (1.09, 1.13)	1.10 (1.08, 1.11)	1.08 (1.06, 1.10)	1.07 (1.05, 1.09)
Scale measure of psychological distress²	0.998 (0.997, 0.999)	0.998 (0.997, 0.999)	0.997 (0.997, 0.998)	0.997 (0.997, 0.998)	0.998 (0.998, 0.999)	0.999 (0.998, 1.000)

Note. CI = confidence interval; PR = prevalence ratio.
Model 1 examined psychological distress dichotomized (serious/no serious psychological distress), Model 2 examined psychological distress categorized, and Model 3 examined the scale measure of psychological distress (0–24) and included a quadratic term for the scale measure of psychological distress. Age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, annual household income, employment, and health insurance coverage are included in all adjusted models. Gender is excluded from the stratified models.