The Relationship between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Hypertension in a Nationally Representative Sample

Table 2

Association between sleep variables and hypertension.

Sleep variables	Sample size; (hypertension %)	Age, sex adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Multivariable-model^† odds ratio (95% CI)
Sleep duration (hours)
≤5 hrs	1025 (36.0)	1.62 (1.34–1.96)	1.31 (1.08–1.59)
6 hrs	1551 (32.2)	1.20 (1.01–1.43)	1.15 (0.97–1.37)
7 hrs	1937 (29.1)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
8 hrs	1823 (30.9)	1.05 (0.92–1.21)	1.05 (0.91–1.22)
≥9 hrs	447 (32.6)	1.24 (0.88–1.74)	1.25 (0.89–1.76)
-trend		0.0006	0.15
Snoring (nights/week)
0–2	3367 (25.5)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
3-4	1283 (33.0)	1.34 (1.13–1.60)	1.17 (0.97–1.41)
≥5	2133 (39.6)	1.72 (1.46–2.02)	1.37 (1.15–1.63)
-trend		<0.0001	0.0005
Snorting (nights/week)
0–2	5978 (30.1)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
3-4	420 (38.0)	1.21 (0.93–1.57)	1.05 (0.79–1.39)
≥5	385 (43.0)	1.61 (1.28–2.02)	1.19 (0.92–1.53)
-trend		<0.0001	0.18
Daytime sleepiness (times/month)
0-1	3873 (31.7)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
2–4	1763 (29.9)	1.05 (0.89–1.24)	1.01 (0.84–1.20)
≥5	1147 (32.6)	1.36 (1.16–1.59)	1.17 (0.98–1.39)
-trend		0.002	0.18
Summary SDB score
0	3186 (27.2)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1	2388 (33.2)	1.33 (1.12–1.58)	1.18 (0.99–1.41)
2	917 (37.9)	1.71 (1.45–2.02)	1.33 (1.09–1.63)
≥3	292 (44.0)	2.44 (1.87–3.19)	1.72 (1.26–2.33)
-trend		<0.0001	<0.0001

^†Multivariable model: adjusted for age (years), gender (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and others), education (below high school, high school, and above high school), smoking (never smoker, former smoker, and current smoker), alcohol intake (absent, present), physical activity (moderate physical activity), body mass index (obese, nonobese), depression (absent, present), diabetes (absent, present), total cholesterol (mg/dL), and C-reactive protein (mg/dL).