Evaluation of Sleep Patterns and Self-Reported Academic Performance among Medical Students at the University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry

Table 3

Correlation between sleep habits/problems, academic level, academic performance and sleep quality (PSQI score).

Variable	Sleep Quality
	Correlation Coefficient	p-value
Academic level	-0.130	0.110
Usual time to wake up	-0.017	0.832
Bed time	0.136	0.093
Sleep latency	0.438	≤0.001
Drinking coffee	0.008	0.922
Snoring	-0.001	0.995
Nocturnal awakening	0.229	0.004
Nocturnal noise	0.277	0.001
Nightmares	0.132	0.103
Sleep-talking	0.117	0.151
Sleep-walking	0.244	0.002
Nocturnal awakening to use washroom	0.199	0.014
Morning tiredness	0.440	≤0.001
Daytime sleepiness during lectures	0.202	0.012
Daytime sleepiness during free time	0.149	0.066
Daytime naps	0.042	0.667
Academic performance	0.263	0.001
Living conditions	0.333	≤0.001
Leisure time	0.377	≤0.001

Correlation is significant at 0.05 level.