Consumption of Energy Drinks and Their Effects on Sleep Quality among Students at the Copperbelt University School of Medicine in Zambia

Table 2

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index components by Gender.

Characteristics	All	Females	Males	P value
Subjective sleep quality (n = 138)
(i) Very good	30 (21.7%)	14 (25.5%)	16 (19.3%)	0.353
(ii) Fairly good	67 (48.6%)	24 (43.6%)	43 (51.8%)
(iii) Fairly bad	27 (19.6%)	9 (16.4%)	18 (21.7%)
(iv) Very bad	14 (10.1%)	8 (14.5%)	6 (7.2%)
Sleep latency (n = 138)
(i) <15 minutes	65 (47.1%)	26 (47.3%)	39 (47.0%)	0.237
(ii) 16-30 minutes	47 (34.1%)	26 (27.3%)	21 (25.3%)
(iii) 31-60 minutes	28 (20.3%)	8 (14.5%)	20 (24.1%)
(iv) >60 minutes	9 (6.5%)	6 (10.9%)	3 (3.6%)
Sleep duration (n = 138)
(i) >7 hours	6 (4.3%)	2 (3.6%)	4 (4.8%)	0.495
(ii) 6-7 hours	14 (10.1%)	6 (10.9%)	8 (9.6%)
(iii) 5-6 hours	36 (26.1%)	18 (32.7%)	18 (21.7%)
(iv) <5 hours	82 (59.4%)	29 (52.7%)	53 (63.9%)
Sleep efficiency (n = 137)
(i) >85%	97 (70.8%)	38 (69.1%)	59 (72.0%)	0.584
(ii) 75-84%	19 (13.9%)	6 (10.9%)	13 (15.9%)
(iii) 65-74%	6 (4.4%)	3 (5.5%)	3 (3.7%)
(iv) <65%	15 (10.9%)	8 (14.5%)	7 (8.5%)
Sleep Disturbances (n = 137)
(i) Not during the past month	6 (4.4%)	2 (3.7%)	4 (4.8%)	0.072
(ii) Less than once a week	112 (81.8%)	40 (74.1%)	72 (86.7%)
(iii) Once or twice a week	18 (13.1%)	12 (22.2%)	6 (7.2%)
(iv) Three or more times a week	1 (0.7%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.2%)
Sleep Medication (n = 138)
(i) Not during the past month	127 (92.0%)	47 (85.5%)	80 (96.4%)	0.057
(ii) Less than once a week	10 (7.2%)	7 (12.7%)	3 (3.6%)
(iii) Once or twice a week	1 (0.7%)	1 (1.8%)	0 (0.0%)
Daytime dysfunction (n = 138)
(i) Not a problem	64 (46.4%)	22 (40.0%)	42 (50.6%)	0.479
(ii) Only a slight problem	55 (39.9%)	23 (41.8%)	32 (38.6%)
(iii) Somewhat of a problem	16 (11.6%)	8 (14.5%)	8 (9.6%)
(iv) A very big problem	3 (2.2%)	2 (3.6%)	1 (1.2%)
Sleep Quality (n = 137)
(i) Good	84 (61.3%)	37 (67.3%)	47 (57.3%)	0.241
(ii) Poor	53 (38.7%)	18 (32.7%)	35 (42.7%)