Research Article

Association between Poor Quality of Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome in Ghanaian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

General characteristics of study participants by gender.

All participants (n =340)Good sleepers (n =156)Poor sleepers (n =184)p

Age, years23.9 ± 2.823.7 ± 2.724.1 ± 2.80.148
Males, n (%)120 (35.3)62 (39.7)58 (31.5)0.114
Smoking status, n (%)0.221
 Current6 (1.8)2 (1.1)4 (2.6)
 Former16 (8.7)6 (3.3)10 (6.4)
 Never318 (93.5)176 (95.6)142 (91)
Alcohol status, n (%)46 (13.5)16 (10.3)30 (16.3)0.104
Weight, kg74.8 ± 10.973.6 ± 10.976.2 ± 11.10.031
Height, cm168 ± 7168 ± 7169 ± 70.126
BMI, kg/m226.5 ± 4.125.7 ± 4.227.3 ± 4<0.001
Waist circumference, cm87 ± 2085 ± 2088 ± 200.169
Hip circumference, cm105 ± 18103 ± 19106 ± 180.136
Waist-hip ratio0.83 ± 0.160.8 ± 0.160.85 ± 0.170.006
Systolic BP, mmHg119 ± 15118 ± 15121 ± 150.067
Diastolic BP, mmHg76 ± 775 ± 776 ± 90.25
Pulse BP, mmHg43 ± 1242 ± 1243 ± 110.424
Mean BP, mmHg90 ± 989 ± 992 ± 90.002
FPG, mmol/l5 ± 14.9 ± 1.25.1 ± 0.80.068
Triglycerides, mmol/l0.76 ± 0.290.8 ± 0.30.7 ± 0.30.337
Total cholesterol, mmol/l5.2 ± 1.14.9 ± 1.15.5 ± 1<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l1.26 ± 0.151.6 ± 0.21.1 ± 0.1<0.001
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l3.6 ± 1.23.5 ± 1.33.7 ± 1.10.06
Urea, mmol/l3.4 ± 0.83.4 ± 0.83.5 ± 0.90.284
Creatinine, mmol/l90.7 ± 16.190.8 ± 15.290.6 ± 17.10.912
MetS, n (%)42 (12.4)12 (7.7)30 (16.2)0.016
Physical activities, median (IQ)
 Duration, min/week16 (11 – 50)18 (10 – 61)16 (11 – 46)0.327
 Low, METs-min/week198 (66 – 231)198 (60 – 231)181 (66 – 201)0.813
 Moderate, METs-min/week360 (240 – 360)372 (231 – 401)299 (198 – 476)0.288
 Vigorous, METs-min/week480 (318 – 542)498 (475 – 502)468 (460 – 783)0.47
 Total, METS-mins/week396 (66 – 924)388 (51 – 918)429 (73 – 924)0.742

BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; METs, metabolic equivalent of tasks.