Event-Triggered Faults Tolerant Control for Stochastic Systems with Time Delays

Huang, Ling; Xie, Xuhuan; Xie, Wenbo

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5606234

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Volume 2016 | Article ID 5606234 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5606234

Event-Triggered Faults Tolerant Control for Stochastic Systems with Time Delays

Ling Huang,¹Xuhuan Xie,¹and Wenbo Xie¹

Academic Editor: Guo Chen

Received16 Mar 2016

Accepted19 May 2016

Published13 Jul 2016

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the state-feedback controller design for stochastic networked control systems (NCSs) with random actuator failures and transmission delays. Firstly, an event-triggered scheme is introduced to optimize the performance of the stochastic NCSs. Secondly, stochastic NCSs under event-triggered scheme are modeled as stochastic time-delay systems. Thirdly, some less conservative delay-dependent stability criteria in terms of linear matrix inequalities for the codesign of both the controller gain and the trigger parameters are obtained by using delay-decomposition technique and convex combination approach. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the less sampled data transmission and less conservatism of the proposed theory.

1. Introduction

Networked control systems (NCSs) are control systems wherein the control loops are closed through a certain digital communication network, which have been widely used in many fields, for example, vehicle industry, robot, and unmanned aerial vehicles, because of their benefits, for example, low installation and maintenance costs, high reliability, increased system flexibility, and decreased wiring. However, inserting a network to a control loop also brings a series of network-induced constraints, for example, time delays, packet losses, and competition of multiple nodes accessing network. The network-induced constraints will deteriorate the systems performance or even destabilize the system [1, 2]. Therefore, NCSs with network-induced constraints have gained considerable research interests and numerous results have been published [3–21].

So far, most of the analysis and synthesis for NCSs utilize time-triggered communications scheme, for example, stabilization [3, 4], filtering [5, 6], and tracking control [7]. It is well known that network-induced constraints are mainly caused by the limited network bandwidth. Moreover, it is very significant to mitigate the networked load to increase the lifespan of the battery of the nodes in wireless NCSs [8]. Therefore, to reduce the unnecessary waste of computation and transmitting sample data not only has theoretical importance but also has practical significance. In general, NCSs using event-triggered communication scheme can considerably reduce the network resource occupancy while maintaining the control performance compared to NCSs using time-triggered communication scheme [9]. So, event-triggered control for NCSs has received considerable attention in the past decade because of energy conservation and optimal performance, especially in the wireless NCSs [8], for example, event-triggered state-feedback control [10, 11], event-triggered guaranteed cost control [12], event-triggered dynamic output feedback control [13], event-triggered output tracking control [14], and event-triggered fuzzy filtering [15]. Considering the event-triggered control for NCS with stochastic perturbations [22–25], limited work has been reported in the open literatures. In [16], event-triggered stabilization for networked stochastic systems with multiplicative noise and network-induced delays has been investigated. However, the time delays in state and the effect of fault are not taken into account. On the one hand, fault tolerant control for NCSs has attracted great attention over the past decades because actuator faults caused by actuator aging or actuator in a hostile environment will have a great threat to the security and the reliability of NCSs [17–21]. On the other hand, systems with delays are ubiquitous, for example, NCSs, biology systems, and hydraulic rolling mill systems [2, 26–28]. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no result reported in the open literatures on event-triggered faults tolerant control for stochastic systems with time delays. This motivates the study presented in the paper.

In the paper, we deal with the state-feedback controller design for stochastic NCSs with random actuator failures and transmission delays. The main works of this paper are as follows: (1) a triggered scheme is introduced to optimize the performance of stochastic NCSs; (2) stochastic NCSs under an event-triggered scheme are modeled as stochastic time-delays systems; (3) some less conservative stability criteria for the codesign of both the controller gain and the trigger parameters are obtained by using delay-decomposition technique and convex combination approach; (4) a practice example on event-triggered control for an unstable batch reactor is provided to show the merits of the proposed theory.

Notation. The notation used throughout the paper is fairly standard. and denote the transpose and the inverse of matrix , respectively. For a square matrix , is defined as . The symmetric term in a matrix is denoted by ; for example, . The notation () means that the matrix is real symmetric positive definite (positive semidefinite). is a complete probability space and stands for the expectation operator with respect to the probability measure. stands for a block diagonal matrix. Matrices, if not explicitly stated, are assumed to have appropriate dimensions.

2. Problem Formulation

Consider a linear system with state delay and Itô process, which is represented by the following stochastic differential equation:where and denote the state vector and the control input of the system, respectively, is a constant delay, , , , , and are some constant matrices with appropriate dimensions, is a scalar standard Brownian Motion defined on a complete probability space with a natural filtration and satisfies and , and is a continuous vector valued initial function defined on .

The stochastic system controlled by a network is described in Figure 1.

To simplify the exposition, we make the following assumptions.

Assumption 1. All the system states variables of the controlled plant are available for a state-feedback control. The sensor is time-triggered with a constant sampling period . The sampling sequence is described by the set .

Assumption 2. The sampled data is transmitted in a single packet, and the packet losses do not occur in transmission. Whether the packets should be transmitted or not over network is determined by an event-triggered communication scheme. The successfully transmitted packet sequence is described by the set .

Assumption 3. The controllers and the actuators are event-triggered. The control input at the actuator is generated by a zero-order-holder (ZOH) with the holding time , where is the communication delay. Before the first control signal reaches the plant, the control input .

The following state-feedback control law is employed for system (1): Considering the effect of the transmission delay, (2) can be rewritten as In order to improve the performance of the NCSs, the following event-triggered communication scheme is introduced to reduce the energy cost and the adverse effect of the transmission delay on performance of the NCSs: where , and and are the positive definite weighting matrices to be designed.

Remark 4. Only the sampled data satisfying inequality (4) will be transmitted since the transmitter in Figure 1 has a logic function to determine whether one should be transmitted or not; when , inequality (4) holds for all the sampled state; hence, it shrinks to the periodic release case in [17, 18]. Obviously, the amount of transferred data can be reduced by set in (4). If the amount of transferred data is reduced, the networked load will be reduced. Then, the energy cost used to transmit the unnecessary sampled data to the controller will be saved, and the adverse effect of the transmission delay on performance of the NCSs will be reduced since the transmission delay is mainly caused by the network traffic congestion.

Remark 5. A similar step to the one used in [16], two different weighting matrices and are introduced in event-triggering communication scheme (4) to obtain less conservative results. We further illustrate this in the following numerical example.

For a detailed timing analysis, we divide the holding interval of ZOH into the following subsets: Define the following new variables: Then, we have The event-triggered algorithm (4) can be rewritten as

Considering the effect of the stochastic actuator failure, the relationship between the control input and the real actuator output is described as follows: wherewhere and are the random variables which describe the relationship between the real executive amount of th actuator and the control input for th actuator. represents that the th actuator is completely fails, represents that the th actuator works normally, and represent that the real actuator output is smaller and greater than the control input, respectively. The expectation and variance of are and , respectively.

Define . Then Based on the above analysis, (3) can be rewritten as Substituting (12) into (1), the resultant closed-loop stochastic system with time delays can be expressed as follows:

3. Main Results

This paper aims to develop a novel state-feedback controller for event-triggered stochastic NCSs with state delay, networked induce delay, and stochastic actuator failure. Before presenting the sufficient stabilization condition, we introduce the following lemmas, which are indispensable for the proofs in the sequel.

Lemma 6 (see [29]). , , and are constant matrices with appropriate dimensions; then, a sufficient and necessary condition for is that the following inequalities hold simultaneously:

Lemma 7 ((Schur complement) [30]). Given matrices , , and with appropriate dimension, the inequality is equivalent to , .

By employing delay-fraction technique, linear convex combination approach, and Lyapunov-Krasovskii stability theorem, the following sufficient stabilization condition for stochastic system (13) with time delay satisfying condition (7) is obtained.

Theorem 8. For given scalars , , , and and a positive integer , the closed-loop stochastic system with time delays (13) and time-varying delay satisfying condition (7) is stochastically asymptotically stable if there exist matrices , , , and , and matrices and matrices , such that the following set of inequalities hold:where

Proof. For the sake of notational convenience, let where Then, we can recast (13) into following form:We divide the time-delay interval into uniform subintervals and define the following augmented variable: Choose the following simple functional candidate for system (21): where denotes the function defined on the interval , and For the sake of notational simplification, let Taking the time derivatives of , along the trajectory of system (21) and taking expectation on it yield where .
The calculation shows that According to the Newton-Leibniz formula, the inner relationship among the terms in the Leibniz-Newton formula is revealed by introducing free weighting matrices . Then, the following terms are true: Moreover, from the well-known fact, , for two appropriate dimensional vectors and , it can be easily checked that as Combining (26)–(30) yields where is defined in Theorem 8, and From (31)–(33), it is not difficult to see that is a first-order function on , and the first-order coefficient is . According to Lemma 6, the condition is equivalent to Consequently, further resorting to the Schur complement lemma [30], inequalities (17) can be obtained.
In the following, we will show that stochastic system (21) satisfies event-triggered algorithm (4). Integrate on both sides of inequality (31) from 0 to , and according to , , we can learn that if inequalities (17) are feasible, then holds for arbitrary .
This completes the proof.

The sufficient condition that stochastic system (13) with time-delay satisfying condition (7) is stochastically asymptotically stable is given in Theorem 8 with coupled matrix variables, but the controller gain matrix cannot be obtained directly. So, based on Theorem 8, we next prove a new theorem for the event-triggered controller design in terms of linear matrix inequalities through congruent transformation.

Theorem 9. For given scalars , , , and and a positive integer , the closed-loop stochastic system with time delays (13) and time-varying delay satisfying condition (7) is stochastically asymptotically stable if there exist matrices , , , and , and matrices and matrices , such that the following set of inequalities hold:where and a desired controller gain matrix in (2) can be chosen as

Proof. DefinewherePre- and postmultiplying (17) with and , noticing that is equivalent to we introduce the following new matrix variables: and then, we can learn that (36) is equivalent to (17).
This completes the proof.

Remark 10. It is worth mentioning that Theorem 9 is also applicable to the event-triggered faults tolerant control for system (1) without state-delay and stochastic perturbations. The proof follows a similar line to Theorems 8 and 9. Now we formally present this result as the following corollary.

Corollary 11. For given scalars and and , the closed-loop system with time delays (13) and time-varying delay satisfying condition (7) is asymptotically stable if there exist matrices , , , and , and matrices , such that the following set of inequalities hold:where and a desired controller gain matrix in (2) can be chosen as

4. A Numerical Example

In this section, a numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed approach in this paper.

Consider a simplified model of an unstable batch reactor with parameters: The eigenvalues of are 1.9910, 0.0635, −5.0566, and −8.6659; it is obvious that the unforced system (47) is unstable. The unstable system is controlled under a network which is described in Figure 1, and the event-triggered communication scheme (4) is introduced to optimize the performance of the NCSs. Considering the effect of the transmission delay, it is assumed that the lower bound of the network-induced delay s. The purpose of the design is to make this upper bound, , as large as possible and the sampled data transmitted as low as possible so that the system can work under actuator failures conditions.

Two cases of probability distributions are considered.

Case 1. Actuator failures are Bernoulli distributed white sequences with parameters: It is not difficult to verify that when and . We conduct the simulation studies with different . The maximal allowable delays and fault tolerant controller parameter from Corollary 11 and those in [23, 24] are listed in Table 1. From Table 1, it is clear that Corollary 11 provides the largest delay; that is, Corollary 11 is less conservative than all the other list results.

Case 2. Actuator failures are Gaussian distributed sequences with parameters.
Case 2.1. We have the following:Case 2.2. We have the following:when and . Table 2 lists the maximal allowable delays and fault tolerant controller obtained from Corollary 11 and those in [17, 18]. From Table 2, it can be concluded that our results are less conservative than the results from [17, 18].

In the following, under actuators failures in Case 2.2 with , , , and , we will demonstrate that the fault tolerant state-feedback controller also optimizes the performance of the NCSs, that is, considerable reduction of the network resource occupancy:(1)When and , applying Corollary 11, we can solve the maximum s, and the corresponding controller and the trigger parameter and are given by (2)When and , applying Corollary 11, we can solve the maximum s, and the corresponding controller and the trigger parameter are given by

Remark 12. From Tables 1 and 2, it can be concluded that when , that is, in the case of time-triggered communication scheme, our results are less conservative than existing ones. Moreover, when , the maximal allowable delay obtained from Corollary 11 under condition ( s) is bigger than the case of ( s); that is, two different weighting matrices and are introduced in (4) which guaranteed less conservative results.

Select the sampling period s. According to (7), we can see that the allowable maximum transmission delay can be 0.05 s. The state response of system (47) with controller in (53) and in (54) is shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 plots the release instants and release interval.

From Figures 2 and 3, we can see that system (47) remains asymptotically stable under the feedback controller in (53) and trigger matrix in (54); the simulation results for show that only 58 sampled signals need to be transmitted to the controller through the transmitter, which takes 19.33% of the whole sample signals. Thus, the fault tolerant state-feedback controller presented in this paper also optimizes the performance of the NCSs by reducing the networked load.

Remark 13. The simulation results show that the amount of transferred data is reduced by introducing the event-triggering communication scheme. In addition, the maximum value, , in this paper is bigger than the value, , in [17, 18]. Therefore, the proposed controller design method in the paper not only is less conservative but also has less transferred data than [17, 18].

5. Conclusion

The fault tolerant state-feedback controller design problem for stochastic NCSs has been investigated in the paper. Improved state-feedback controller design method with less conservation and less sampled data transmission has been proposed by employing event-triggered communication scheme, the delay-decomposition technique, and convex combination approach. A practical numerical example for the stabilization of batch reactor has been given to demonstrate that the theory represented in this paper is less conservative than existing ones, and introducing event-triggered communication scheme can optimize the performance of stochastic NCSs. Therefore, the proposed controller design method in the paper is an improvement over existing ones.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Funds for Young Scholar of China under Grant 61304046, Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (Grant no. QC 2015064), and Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Heilongjiang Province of China (Grant no. LC 2016027).

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Copyright © 2016 Ling Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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