A High-Frequency Data-Driven Machine Learning Approach for Demand Forecasting in Smart Cities

Figure 5

Daily values of the (a) FOB (fraction out of bounds), (b) MAPE (mean average percentage error), and (c) RMSE (root mean square error) for the industrial area, the high-density population area, and the low-density population area sites. The values are gathered into three different categories: good (green shading) for values lower than 20%, regular (green shading) for values between 20 and 50%, and bad (red shading) for values greater than 50%.

(a)

(b)

(c)