A New Approach for Enhancing the Services of the 5G Mobile Network and IOT-Related Communication Devices Using Wavelet-OFDM and Its Applications in Healthcare

Table 5

Comparative analysis of OFDM and OWDM.

5G performance metrics	Fourier	Haar	Db2	Sym4	Bior5.5
High energy efficiency	PAPR is high. Computational complexity is low.	PAPR is low, and computational complexity is high.
		Haar has the lowest processing time, but memory requirement is higher than other wavelet pairs.
Low device complexity	Needs one block per process; IFFT and FFT.	Require a larger device processing capacity. Wavelet transforms generally need two blocks (i.e., their filter banks) for each process (i.e., IDWT and DWT) and more memory than Fourier. However, advances in the clock speeds and memory sizes of communication devices have increased by 4 to 6 orders of magnitude in the past 40 years [52]. Therefore, future wise, complexity might not be a challenge.
High reliability	Has poorer BER performance compared to OWDM.	Have better BER performance under a wide varied SNR.
Low latency	Requires the use of CP to reduce ISI which resultantly reduces throughput.	Do not require CP.
High spectral efficiency	It has a considerable spectral efficiency.	They have better spectral efficiency compared to Fourier due to Fourier’s requirement of higher bandwidth (CP).
Massive asynchronous transmission	Spectral localization of the subcarriers is weak and highly susceptible to the CFO effect.	They are more localized in time and space. Consequently, they are more immune to the CFO effect.
MIMO compatibility	OFDM is quite compatible with MIMO because of its ease of implementation.	The use of OWDM with MIMO is feasible and has been documented in the literature [36].
Frequency-time channel selectivity	OFDM is robust to frequency-selective channels and can be made robust to time channel selectivity by a proper choice of subcarrier spacing.	OWDM is more robust to frequency-selective channels, especially at low SNRs.
Flexibility and scalability	By proper choice of design parameters, OFDM is a flexible waveform that can support diverse services, with several evolved versions.	OWDM is also a flexible waveform. More so, there are different wavelet transforms with different scalable properties. Therefore, its flexibility [53] could be explored and tailored to the requirements of the 5G NR classifications.