Big Data Optimization and Applications in Running Efficiency of Higher Education

Table 1

Summary for empirical research about quadratic cost function.

Year	Scholars	Cost item	Teaching	Scientific research	Factor price
2004	Sav [32]	Education and general expenditure	Undergraduate class hours; postgraduate hours	Research funding	Research funding
2008	Johnes et al. [33]	Total operating costs	Number of undergraduates; number of graduate students	Research funds and QR funding	None
2008	Chen [34]	Business expenditure	Number of undergraduates; number of graduate students (Master + PhD)	Research expenditure	Student-teacher ratio; proportion of senior titles
2010	Agasisti and Johnes [35]	General expenditure	Undergraduates number; graduate students number	External research and consulting funding	None
2011	Chen and Dong [36]	General expenditure	Undergraduates number; graduate students number	Research funding	None
2013	Li and Chen [37]	Total cost	Undergraduates number; graduate students number; international students number	Research expenditure	Student-teacher ratio
2016	Song and Peng [38]	Educational expenditure	Undergraduates number; graduate students number	Research expenditure	Total number of full-time teachers
2016	Agasisti and Johnes [39]	Total expenditure	Awarded undergraduate degree; number of research degrees awarded	Research funding	None
2019	Fu et al. [40]	Average cost	Undergraduates number; postgraduates number	Research projects funded by NSC	Faculty-student ratio
2021	Xia et al. [41]	Total cost	Graduate students number	Research funding	None

NSC—national science council.