Teamwork Assessment Tools in Modern Surgical Practice: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Teamwork assessment tools and the types of validity established in the surgical environment.

Assessment tool name	Domains assessed	Scoring system	Types of validity established
OTAS	Communication, cooperation, coordination, shared leadership, and team monitoring & situation awareness	7-point Likert scale and generic checklist	Construct [11] and content [12]
NOTSS	Situation awareness, decision-making, communication & teamwork, and leadership	4-point numeric scale	Face [13], content [13, 14], concurrent [15], and construct [13, 14]
NOTECHS	Leadership & management, teamwork & cooperation, problem-solving & decision-making, and situation awareness	4-point numeric scale	Concurrent [16], convergent [16], face [16], content [16], and construct [16]
ANTS	Task management, team-working, situation awareness, and decision-making	5-point numeric scale	Content [17]
MSF	Clinical care, good medical practice, learning & teaching, and teamwork & communication	3-point Likert scale and 3-point GSS	Content [18], face [18], and concurrent [19]
CbD	Medical record keeping, clinical assessment, diagnostic skills, patient management, leadership, clinical judgement, communication & team-working skills, and reflection	3-point Likert scale and 5-point GSS	None
EBSTAF	Communication, knowledge, clinical skills, teamwork, and technical skills	3-point Likert scale	Construct [20] and concurrent [21]
SPLINTS	Communication & teamwork, situation awareness, and task management	4-point Likert scale	Content [22]

OTAS, Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery; NOTSS, Nontechnical Skills for Surgeons; NOTECHS, Oxford
Nontechnical Skills; ANTS, Anaesthetists’ Nontechnical Skills; MSF, Multisource Feedback; EBSTAF, Edinburgh Basic
Surgical Training Assessment Form; SPLINTS, Scrub Practitioners’ List of Nontechnical Skills; GSS, Global Summary Score.
Construct and face validities established in other medical specialties.