Cystic Artery Pseudoaneurysm: Current Review of Aetiology, Presentation, and Management
Table 1
A summary of the aetiologies, diagnostic imaging modalities, presentations, and management of CAP.
Aetiology
Diagnostic imaging modality
Complications
Management
Cholecystitis
41 (61.2%)
CT†
46 (68.6%)
Haemobilia
52 (77.6%)
Endovascular embolisation
44 (65.7%)
Cholecystectomy
18 (26.8%)
DSA‡
13 (19.4%)
Haemobilia + Quinke’s triad
11 (16.5%)
Percutaneous thrombin injection
2 (3%)
Idiopathic
6 (8.9%)
US§
3 (4.4%)
Haemobilia with haematemesis or melena
39 (58.3%)
ERCP¶
21 (31.3%)
Cholelithiasis
1 (1.5%)
MRI||
3 (4.4%)
Haemobilia with biliary obstruction
22 (32.8%)
Cholecystectomy
31 (46.3%)
Pancreatitis
1 (1.5%)
Direct biliary obstruction
3 (4.5%)
Laparotomy, vessel ligation
6 (9%)
Contained rupture
6 (8.9%)
Rupture with haemoperitoneum
9 (13.4%)
Haemodynamic shock
13 (19.4%)
The number of patients in each category is presented, with a percentage in relation to the total of 67 reported cases of CAP in brackets. †Contrast-enhanced computed tomography. ‡Digital subtraction angiography. §Colour Doppler ultrasound. ||Magnetic resonance imaging. ¶Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Haemobilia + haematemesis or melena + biliary obstruction.
