Limited Therapeutic Time Windows of Mild-to-Moderate Hypothermia in a Focal Ischemia Model in Rat

Figure 2

Diagram showing the major cascades that occur after stroke reviewed in this paper. AD: anoxic depolarization; AIF: apoptosis-inducing factor; BBB: blood brain barrier; CBF: cerebral blood flow; cyto c: cytochrome c; Fas L: Fas ligand; FKHR: Forkhead homologue in rhabdomyosarcoma; Glu: glutamate; GSK 3 β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; MMP: matrix metalloprotease; NOS: nitric oxide synthesis; NO: nitric oxide; ONOO⁻: peroxynitrite; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidyliositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidyliositol-3,4,5-bisphosphate; PKC: protein kinase C; P-Akt: phosphorylated Akt; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10; P-PDK1: phosphorylated phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; VDCC: voltage-dependent calcium channel.