Diabetic Ketoacidosis-Associated Stroke in Children and Youth

Table 2

Coagulation abnormalities noted in cases of pediatric DKA with stroke and in studies of DKA-associated coagulopathy in adults and children. Pretreatment abnormalities include those noted prior to resolution of biochemical abnormalities. Posttreatment abnormalities include those noted after resolution of biochemical abnormalities.

Factor	Parameter	Pre-treatment abnormality	Post-treatment abnormality	Pediatric versus adult study	Relevant references
Platelet	count	√	√	pediatric	[5, 14, 20, 23, 33]
	aggregation/; activity	√	√	pediatric, adult	[5, 35, 39]
Thromboxane B2	production		√	pediatric	[14]
Prothrombin time			√	pediatric	[33]
Partial thromboplastin time	levels		√	pediatric	[33]
Tissue Factor	levels	√		adult	[40]
vWF	antigen level	√	√	pediatric	[14, 41]
	activity	√		pediatric	[41]
Factor VIII-vWF complex	levels		√	pediatric	[14]
Factor V	levels		√	pediatric	[5]
Factor VII	levels		√	pediatric	[5]
Factor VIII	levels		√	pediatric	[5]
Homocysteine	levels	√		pediatric	[41]
Folate	levels	√		pediatric	[41]
Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2	levels	√	√	adult	[35]
Thrombin-antithrombin III complex	levels	√	√	adult	[35]
Antithrombin III	levels and activity	√	√	pediatric, adult	[5, 20, 33, 35]
Protein C	activity	√		pediatric	[41]
	antigen level	√	√	pediatric	[14, 18, 41]
Protein S	Free protein level	√		pediatric	[42]
Thrombomodulin	levels	√	√	adult	[35]
tPA	activity	√		adult	[35, 40]
	antigen level	√	√	adult	[35, 40]
PAI-1	activity	√		adult	[35, 40]
	antigen level	√	√	adult	[35, 40]

vWF: von Willebrand Factor; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.