Infection after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and Outcome
Table 1
Univariate associations of demographic, baseline, vital signs, hospital complications, and procedures with the development of an infection and serious infection during the hospital stay.
No infection
Infection
Serious infection
*
Demographics, clinical variables on admission
Age (years)
.006
NS
Male sex
28
15
NS
8
NS
Time symptom onset to admission (hours)
NS
NS
History of diabetes mellitus
18
17
NS
9
NS
History of hypertension
44
37
NS
18
NS
History of metabolic syndrome
15
14
NS
5
NS
History of coronary artery disease
24
20
NS
11
NS
History of stroke
9
5
NS
3
NS
Admission NIHSS
<.0001
<.0001
Thrombolysis (IV and/or IA)
18
15
NS
10
NS
Systolic blood pressure on admission (mm Hg)
NS
NS
Diastolic blood pressure on admission (mm Hg)
NS
NS
Heart rate on admission (bpm)
NS
NS
Oxygen saturation on admission (%)
NS
NS
Hospital complications and procedures
Dysphagia
8
23
<.0001
16
<.0001
Central line
1
14
<.0001
13
<.0001
Urinary catheter
16
38
<.0001
19
<.0001
Mechanical ventilation
1
11
<.0001
10
<.0001
Length of hospital stay (days)
<.0001
<.0001
Radiological variables
DWI volume day 1 (cm3)
.002
.001
FLAIR volume day 5–7 (cm3)
<.0001
<.0001
Location of stroke
Anterior insula included
0
3
.037
1
NS
Posterior insula included
9
2
NS
1
NS
Entire insula included
3
13
8
.001
MCA territory
40
29
NS
15
NS
ACA territory
1
2
NS
1
NS
PCA territory
19
7
NS
3
NS
Brain stem
4
4
NS
2
NS
Cerebellum
5
1
NS
1
NS
Right sided stroke
25
16
NS
9
NS
Left sided stroke
24
19
NS
8
NS
Bilateral stroke
6
4
NS
2
NS
Outcome
mRS at 3 months
0
3
0
<.0001
0
<.0001
1
11
1
0
2
23
4
1
3
15
11
2
4
2
14
10
5
1
2
2
6
0
7
4
Data are shown as number for dichotomized variables mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for normally distributed continuous variables, or median (range) for abnormally distributed continuous variables. * value for analysis of serious infection versus no infection. NIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; IV: intravenous; IA: intra-arterial; DWI: diffusion weighted imaging; FLAIR: fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging; MCA: middle cerebral artery; ACA: anterior cerebral artery; PCA: posterior cerebral artery; mRS: modified Rankin scale.
