Exercise Protects Bone after Stroke, or Does It? A Narrative Review of the Evidence
Table 3
Principles of exercise to maximise bone adaptation.
Exercise principle
More effective
Less effective
Weight bearing
(i) High impact (jogging, jumping) (ii) Bursts of activity (iii) Rapid movement
(i) Low impact (walking) (ii) Sustained activity (iii) Slow movement (iv) Non-weight-bearing aerobic (swimming or cycling) does not enhance bone density
Resistance training
(i) Heavy weight (ii) Rapid lifting (power training)
(i) Light weight (ii) Slow lift (traditional resistance training)
Muscle groups
(i) Target muscle connected to bones at risk of osteoporotic fracture (hip, wrist, spine)
(i) Non-specific-muscle groups
Length of training
(i) Short bouts interspersed with rest breaks
(i) Continuous movement
Direction of force
(i) Novel force patterns (change in direction or height of jumps)
(i) Repetitive force patterns (jogging in one direction, consistent height jumps)
