Ref. Author, year Country Cases Peak Notes [2 ] Manfredini et al., 2005 Italy — Morning and early evening Review [3 ] Elliott, 1998 USA IS, IH, and SAH 11816 06:00–12:00 Meta-analysis [4 ] Stergiou et al., 2002 Greece IS + IH = 811 06:00–12:00 and 16:00–20:00 >50 and <81 yrs [5 ] Casetta et al., 2002 Italy IS = 1395 08:00–09:00 and 20:00–21:00 [6 ] Omama et al., 2006 Japan IS = 7575, IH = 3852 IS 06:00–12:00, IH 06:00–12:00, and 16:00–20:00 [7 ] Inagawa et al., 2000 Japan IH = 267 Awake [8 ] Butt et al., 2009 Pakistan IS = 438, IH = 329 IS 04:00–08:00 and 16:00–20:00, IH 08:00–12:00 [9 ] Chaturvedi et al., 1999 USA AT = 173, AT and CE 06:00–12:00, LA 12:00–18:00 The onset more frequent during sleep was LA CE = 210, LA = 210 [10 ] Passero et al., 2000, Italy IH = 901 06:00–12:00 Onset peak due to hypertensive IH [11 ] Nagakane et al., 2006 Japan IH = 129 Awake [12 ] Anderson et al., 2004 New Zealand IS and IH = 1497 06:00–12:00 [13 ] Uddin et al., 2015 Bangladesh IS = 50 06:00–12:00 [14 ] Naess et al., 2011 Norway AT = 80, CE = 191, LA = 136, IH = 662 LA 00:00–06:00, IH 06:00–18:00 [15 ] Lago et al., 1998 Spain LA = 209, CE = 228, AT = 429 09:00–10:00 [16 ] Spengos et al., 2005 Greece IS = 1216, IH = 232 First-ever stroke Onset more frequent during sleep was LA [17 ] Bornstein et al., 1999 Israel IS = 1671 Awake [18 ] Cheung et al., 2001 Hong Kong IS = 608, IH = 177 IS 06:00–12:00, IH 06:00–18:00 [19 ] Spengos et al., 2003 Greece AT = 171, CE = 406, LA = 227, IH = 200 06:00–12:00, 16:00–18:00 [20 ] Spengos et al., 2003 Greece CE = 300 08:00–10:00 16:00–18:00 [21 ] Turin et al., 2013 Japan IS = 897, IH = 335 Awake [22 ] Jiménez-Conde et al., 2007 Spain IS = 813 09:00–12:00 [23 ] Kocer et al., 2005 Turkey IS = 917, IH = 240 IS 03:00–06:00 IH, ns [24 ] Nyquist et al., 2001 USA IH = 85 08:00–16:00 [25 ] Feng et al., 2011 USA IH = 215 10:00–12:00 and 18:00–20:00 [26 ] Choi et al., 2015 Korea AT = 256, LA = 276, CE = 155 06:00–12:00 [27 ] Fodor et al., 2014 Romania IS = 969, IH = 94 06:00–12:00 [28 ] Fodor et al., 2014 Romania AT = 60, CE = 153, LA = 538 06:00–12:00 [29 ] Inagawa, 2003 Japan IH = 350 Men <70 yrs 08:00–10:00 and 18:00–20:00 All women or men >69 yrs 18:00–20:00 [30 ] Serena et al., 2003 Spain IS = 1248 06:00–12:00 [31 ] Bassetti and Aldrich, 1999 Switzerland IS = 65 08:00–12:00 [32 ] Turin et al., 2009 Japan IH = 637 08:00–10:00 and 20:00–21:00 [33 ] Tsementzis et al., 1985 UK IS = 245 IH = 118 10:00–12:00 All <70 yrs [34 ] Wroe et al., 1992 UK IS = 545, IH 66 06:00–12:00, IS second peak at 14:00–16:00 [35 ] Sloan et al., 1992 USA IH = 237 10:00–12:00, a second peak at 18:00–20:00 [36 ] Argentino et al., 1990 Italy IS = 426 06:00–10:00 [38 ] Fabbian et al., 2016 Italy CH = 517 Female 08:00–10:00, male 12:00–14:00 Both idiopathic and posttraumatic cerebral hemorrhage were included [39 ] Marshall, 1977 UK Nonembolic IS = 554, IH = 153 IS 00:00–06:00, female IH 06:00–12:00 Sex difference in time course Embolic IS were not included [40 ] Caplan et al., 1983 USA IS = 127 Asleep in thrombotic and awake in embolic stroke [41 ] Arboix and Martí-Vilalta, 1990 Spain IS = 142 (69 AT, 45 LA, 28 CE); IH = 33 AT 00:00–00:06, IH 00:06–12:00 Difference in onset among different etiologies CE 06:00–18:00, LA ns [42 ] Hossmann, 1971 Germany IS = 131 01:00–05:00 [43 ] Pasqualetti et al., 1990 Italy IS = 508, IH = 159 IS morning, IH ns [44 ] Marler et al., 1989 USA IS = 1167 08:00–10:00 [45 ] Marsh et al. 1990 USA IS = 151 06:00–10:00 [46 ] Ricci et al., 1992 Italy IS = 375, IH = 375 06:00–12:00 The IS more frequent during sleep was LA
