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| Depression and Anxiety | |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2, PHQ-9, PHQ-15) [7–9] | 2-item: only asks about the two hallmark symptoms of depression: depressed mood and anhedonia. Typically used as screen in clinical settings.
9-item: rates the severity of depressive symptoms over the previous 2 weeks by measuring the number of symptoms and their frequency (“not at all” to “nearly every day”). The PHQ-9 is arguably the most popular assessment tool available, having been adopted for a number of different clinical trials, large federally funded surveys, whole federal departments (e.g., Veterans Affairs), and large private groups (e.g., American Heart Association, and American Psychiatric Association).
The measure has been validated for use in a large array of medical conditions and is free to use. |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [10] | 14-item scale that assesses patients for both anxiety and depression. The scale includes two 7-item subscales that were specifically validated for assessing anxiety and depression in individuals with medical comorbidities. The depression subscale focuses on anhedonia, and does not evaluate somatic symptoms. Copyrighted but free for clinical use. |
| PROMIS-Emotional Distress – Depression [11] | Negative mood (sadness, guilt), views of self (self- criticism, worthlessness), and social cognition (loneliness, interpersonal alienation), as well as decreased positive affect and engagement (loss of interest, meaning, and purpose). |
| PROMIS-Emotional Distress –Anxiety [12] | Fear (fearfulness, panic), anxious misery (worry, dread), hyperarousal (tension, nervousness, restlessness), and somatic symptoms related to arousal (racing heart, dizziness). |
| Geriatric Depression Scale [13] | Focuses less on somatic symptoms than on nonsomatic symptoms of depression is the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Free for clinical use.
A stroke specific scale has recently been developed [13]. |
| Beck’s Depression Inventory II [14] | 21-item research tool for measuring symptoms of depression. An abbreviated 7-item version is available for use in a primary care setting. The tool is administered via self-report and requires a paid license for clinical use. |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD) [15] | Popular assessment tool that is freely available and has wide applicability in the general population. The scale is based on depressive symptoms used for clinical diagnosis of depression and therefore contains an array of aspects of depression (mood, somatic). |
| PTSD Checklist Specific for a stressor (PCL-S) [16, 17] | The PCL-S is a validated 17-item scale that corresponds to the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, with high internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
New DSM-5 version has been developed [18]. |
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| Fatigue | |
| PROMIS-Fatigue [11, 19] | Range of symptoms, from mild subjective feelings of tiredness to an overwhelming, debilitating, and sustained sense of exhaustion that likely decreases one’s ability to execute daily activities and function normally in family or social roles. |
| Fatigue Severity Scale [20] | A self-report questionnaire that assesses the severity of fatigue and its impact on people’s functioning in everyday life. The FSS has been validated for use in post-stroke fatigue [21]. |
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| Sleep | |
| Pittsburgh Seep Quality Index (PSQI) [22] | 24-item scale that measures sleep disturbances along 7 dimensions: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. |
| Global sleep assessment questionnaire (GSAQ) [23] | 11 items asking about symptom frequency over the last four weeks covering mood, life activities and medical issues as they relate to sleep, along with symptoms associated with insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement, and parasomnias. Comprehensive screening tool [24]. |
| PROMIS-Sleep Disturbance [11, 19] | Perceptions of sleep quality, sleep depth, and restoration associated with sleep. |
| PROMIS-Sleep-Related Impairment [11] | Perceptions of alertness, sleepiness, and tiredness during usual waking hours, and the perceived functional impairments during wakefulness associated with sleep problems or impaired alertness. |
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