Effects of Pharyngeal Electrical Stimulation on Swallow Timings, Clearance and Safety in Post-Stroke Dysphagia: Analysis from the Swallowing Treatment Using Electrical Pharyngeal Stimulation (STEPS) Trial
Table 2
VFSS measures at baseline for 5 ml mode swallow. Data are number (%) or mean (SD); comparison by Chi-Square (Exact) Test/Fisher’s Exact Test or Welch’s -Test.
5 ml measures-mode swallow
All
PES
Sham
PAS, modal bolus
72
4.4 (2.9)
4.3 (3.1) [38]
4.5 (2.6) [34]
PAS, mean all boli
72
4.5 (1.8)
4.4 (1.9) [38]
4.7 (1.7) [34]
OTT (ms)
40
2.14 (3.39)
2.65 (4.14) [25]
1.30 (1.16) [15]
SRT
62
2.07 (6.55)
2.32 (8.53) [33]
1.77 (3.20) [29]
ILC
56
2.55 (6.87)
2.91 (9.08) [29]
2.16 (3.29) [27]
LVC_rt
57
0.38 (0.15)
0.39 (0.17) [29]
0.38 (0.12) [28]
LCD
56
0.44 (0.21)
0.50 (0.25) [28]
0.39 (0.13) [28]
PRT
36
0.86 (0.12)
0.89 (0.13) [20]
0.82 (0.10) [16]
PTT
37
3.73 (8.36)
4.29 (10.88) [20]
3.06 (3.96) [17]
UOSD
38
0.62 (0.16)
0.65 (0.17) [20]
0.59 (0.13) [18]
Initiation of pharyngeal swallow (0-4)
69
37
32
Bolus head-ramus
10 (14.5)
5 (13.5)
5 (15.6)
Bolus head-valleculae
12 (17.4)
10 (27.0)
2 (6.3)
Bolus head-laryngeal surface
8 (11.6)
2 (5.4)
6 (18.8)
Bolus head-pyriforms
39 (56.5)
20 (54.1)
19 (59.4)
No visible initiation
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Oral residue (0-4)
56
28
28
Complete clearance
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Trace residue
12 (21.4)
9 (32.1)
3 (10.7)
Residue collection
42 (75.0)
18 (64.3)
24 (85.7)
Majority bolus remaining
1 (1.8)
1 (3.6)
0 (0)
Minimal/no clearance
1 (1.8)
0 (0)
1 (3.6)
Pharyngeal residue (0-4)
63
34
29
Complete clearance
4 (6.3)
3 (8.8)
1 (3.4)
Trace residue
19 (30.2)
11 (32.4)
8 (27.6)
Residue collection
39 (61.9)
19 (55.9)
20 (69.0)
Majority bolus remaining
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Minimal/no clearance
1 (1.6)
1 (2.9)
0 (0)
No. of swallows to clear 5 ml
72
1.1 (1.1)
1.3 (1.1) [38]
0.8 (1.0) [34]
LCD was shorter in the sham group (), and fewer clearing swallows were seen in the sham group ().
