Abstract
An application of deuteride moderator for fast reactor cores is proposed for power flattening that can mitigate thermal spikes and alleviate the decrease in breeding ratio, which sometimes occurs when hydrogen moderator is applied as a moderator. Zirconium deuteride is employed in a form of pin arrays at the inner most rows of radial blanket fuel assemblies, which works as a reflector in order to flatten the radial power distribution in the outer core region of MONJU. The power flattening can be utilized to increase core average burn-up by increasing operational time. The core characteristics have been evaluated with a continuous-energy model Monte Carlo code MVP and the JENDL-3.3 cross-section library. The result indicates that the discharged fuel burn-up can be increased by about 7% relative to that of no moderator in the blanket region due to the power flattening when the number of deuteride moderator pins is 61. The core characteristics and core safety such as void reactivity, Doppler coefficient, and reactivity insertion that occurred at dissolution of deuteron were evaluated. It was clear that the serious drawback did not appear from the viewpoints of the core characteristics and core safety.
1. Introduction
In order to flatten radial power distribution in fast reactors, ordinary fast reactor cores employ two enrichment zones where outer zone has higher plutonium enrichment. Even in such design the power is dropped at the outer zone of the outer core due to the neutron leakage at the peripheral regions. Zirconium hydride has advantages of high moderation ratio as well as the stability to neutron irradiation as no gas emission occurs at neutron absorption. On the other side, it sometimes induces thermal spikes at the fuel pins adjacent to the moderator zones and reduces breeding ratios due to the large absorption cross section of hydrogen contained even in the fast reactor hard spectrum. However, such features of generating thermal spikes will be useful to increase the power at low power region such as core peripherals if the moderator is appropriately arranged, and it can provide the flattening in power distributions in fast reactors.
There are many studies [1–8] for the application of moderator in fast reactors. When the moderator material is mixed with absorber or long-life fission products (LLFPs) in the fast reactor core, it will offer many advantages in core performances such as an increase in control rod worth or transmutation rate of LLFP [1–5]. The most promising moderator applicable to the fast reactor has been considered to be zirconium hydride for a long time. It has many experiences in fast reactor plant applications and designs including the shield of KNK-2 [9] in Germany and that of large fast reactor designs in Japan. An application of a hydride absorber as a control rod material in a fast reactor has been studied [7, 8].
The author proposes zirconium deuteride instead of zirconium hydride for flattening power distributions because it has a relatively high moderation ratio and very small neutron absorption cross sections. In this paper, an application of deuteride moderator for fast reactor cores is proposed for power flattening that can mitigate thermal spikes and alleviate the decrease in breeding ratio, which sometimes occurs when hydrogen moderator is applied as a moderator. The power flattening can be utilized to increase core average burn-up by increasing operational time or reducing fuel inventory which can be achieved by the reduction of core height, for example, under the same restriction of the maximum linear heat rate. In this study, the power flattening and the increase in the core average burn-up were evaluated under the above assumptions for MONJU core. The influences of core characteristics, such as sodium void reactivity, Doppler coefficient, and control rod worth by the introduction of deuteride moderator were evaluated. In the safety aspect, reactivity insertion occurred at dissolution of deuteron was also evaluated.
2. Moderator Design and Monju Core
2.1. Moderator Assembly Design
The evaluated moderators include three types of zirconium compound. One is zirconium deuteride, another is ordinary zirconium hydride and the other is zirconium hydride of 25% smear density, where the effective volume ratio of the zirconium hydride is diluted to 25% of the inside cross sectional area of the pin. Such low smear density pins are usually fabricated by employing hollow pellets or pore rich materials.
The reason to select this arrangement is the mitigation of thermal spike, which sometimes occurs even in the fast reactor core including hydride materials. If the moderator is located at core peripherals, thermal spike is not important because linear heat rates of fuel pins are relatively low. This thermal spike can be utilized to enhance the flattening of power distribution if it occurs at low-power regions such as core peripherals.
The moderator pin arrangements in the moderator assembly are selected as parameters. The pin arrangements are shown in Figure 1. For example, the 9-pin moderator assembly contains 9 moderator pins facing the outer core assemblies and 52 depleted uranium oxide pins facing the second row of radial blanket assemblies. In no moderator core case, the moderator pins are replaced to depleted uranium oxide pins.
2.2. MONJU Core
The specifications of the MONJU core [10–12] are listed in Table 1. The core thermal power is 714 MWt and the fuel material is MOX. The core size is 93 cm in core height and about 180 cm in core diameter. The radial blanket zone is composed of 3 rows of blanket assemblies. The moderator assemblies are located at the inner most row of the radial blanket zone.
3. Analysis Method
The nuclear analysis method is listed in Table 2. A three-dimensional continuous energy Monte Carlo Code MVP [13, 14] is used with the Japanese cross-section library JENDL-3.3 [15] processed adjusted to MVP code.
Typical neutron history number employed is 1000000 divided to 100 batches and other 20 batches are used for generating the initial source distribution. The statistical error of pin power is about 2% in 1σlevel.
MVP-BURN (burn-up routine for MVP) [16] has been used to evaluate burn-up characteristics including breeding ratios. The burn-up chain employed is basically an FBR chain preinstalled in MVP-BURN (burn-up routine for MVP).
Figure 2 illustrates core maps and moderator assemblies in MONJU core. The inner core zone consists of 6 rows of assemblies and the outer core zone consists of 2 rows of assemblies where each assembly has 169 fuel pins. The pin power is integrated in axial direction over the core height. The radial blanket zone has 3 rows of assemblies containing 61 pins, where the first row consists of moderator assemblies. The moderator assemblies are replaced to normal radial blanket assembly for the no moderator core. The moderator assembly consists of moderator pins facing outer core fuels, which contains zirconium hydride or deuteride in a stainless steel cladding and depleted uranium oxide pins.
For pin-wise power distribution in the second row of the outer core has been evaluated for each pin row as shown in Figure 3. The powers of all pins belonging to each row have been summarized and divided by the number of the pins.
4. Results and Discussions
Figure 4 presents the result of pin-wise power peaking factor in the 2-row assembly of the outer core. The radial power peaking of no moderator case shows a monotone decrease while that of other cases produces thermal spike at the pins near to the moderator.
The zirconium hydride (ZrH1.7) case shows the largest spike at the outer pins which peak power is about 3 times of that of the inner most row pins. On the other hand, the peak of the ZrD1.7 case does not exceed the power of the inner pins, and the power distribution over the assembly is flattened relative to that of no moderator case. The 25% smeared zirconium hydride (25% ZrH1.7) case has small peak at the outer pins but it has a dip behind the peak.
Figure 5 shows the assembly power peaking factor in radial direction of the core. The power at the second row of the outer core (row no. 8) in the ZrD1.7 case is about the same as that of the inner core (row no. 6), It is considered that the power distribution in the assembly of the 2nd row of the outer core for the ZrD1.7 case is the most flattened.
Tables 3(a) and 3(b) show the dependence of the power peaking factors and the discharged fuel burn-ups on the number of moderator pins of the ZrD1.7 and ZrH1.7 moderator assemblies located at the first row of radial blanket region in MONJU, respectively. In cases of 18 and 61 pins of ZrH1.7 moderator, it was recognized that these linear heat powers exceed the limit of the maximum liner power because of the large power peaking factors at 2nd row assembly in the outer core. These results indicate the power peaking factor in the core is the smallest when the number of deuteride moderator pins are 61, and the core average burn-up can be increased by about 7% relative to that of no moderator core due to the power flattening.
Comparison of breeding ratio between cores with and without deuteride moderator pins in Table 4, The breeding ratio of the ZrD1.7 case is about 10% smaller than that of no moderator case. The breeding ratio is closely related to the burn-up reactivity loss, thus the result indicates ZrD1.7 is the most favorable moderator for fast breeder cores among the candidate moderators.
The influences of core characteristics, such as sodium void reactivity, Doppler coefficient, and control rod worth by the introduction of deuteride moderator pins were evaluated.
Comparison of Doppler coefficient between the cores with and without ZrD1.7 moderator pins is shown in Table 5. The absolute value of Doppler coefficient in the core with 61 deuteride moderator pins is about 50% larger than that in the core without moderator pins because of softening of neutron spectra in fuel region by moderator.
Comparison of sodium void reactivity between the cores with and without ZrD1.7 moderator pins is shown in Table 6. Sodium void reactivity at equilibrium cycle in the core with 61 deuteride moderator pins is a little smaller than that in the core without ZrD1.7 moderator pins. It is considered that the reason of reducing positive sodium void reactivity is softening of neutron spectra in fuel region by moderator. This feature is important from the viewpoint of FBR safety.
Comparison of control rod worth between the cores with and without ZrD1.7 moderator pins is shown in Table 7. The main control rod worth and backup control rod worth in the core with 61 deuteride moderator pins are, respectively, 5 and 9% smaller than those in the core without ZrD1.7 moderator pins. It is considered that the neutron flux in the outer core is larger than that of inner core by the introduction of moderator. But, the control rod worth is satisfied with the design requirement.
Figure 6 presents the neutron spectra of outer row pins of the outer most assembly (the outer core second row assembly) for each moderator cases. The spectra of the outer pins show large differences at low-energy regions among different moderator cases.
The linear power of the moderator was two orders below that of the fuel pins around them because the main energy source is gamma deposition generated at the core fuel. The neutrons by gamma-n reactions in ZrD1.7 are roughly estimated five orders below those of neutron generations of MONJU at the normal operation.
One problem of the hydride use in fast reactor is positive reactivity insertion that occurred at the dissolution of hydrogen. The dissolution of the deuterium will also occur in zirconium deuteride, though the penetration rate of the deuterium across the cladding is considered to be smaller than that of hydrogen due to the larger atomic mass. The reactivity insertion by the dissolution of deuterium was evaluated. The reactivity insertion by the dissolution of deuterium is about as shown in Table 8. It is considered that the reason of positive reactivity is hardening of neutron spectra in moderator region by the dissolution of deuterium. The values of reactivity insertion are below 1 $.
Deuterium will be transmuted to Tritium by neutron absorption where the generation rate of Tritium is estimated to be about 2 decades smaller than that generated from B-10 (, alpha) T reaction in the boron carbide of the control rods.
5. Conclusions
An application of deuteride moderator for fast reactor cores is proposed for power flattening that can mitigate thermal spikes and alleviate the decrease in breeding ratio, which sometimes occurs when hydrogen moderator is applied as a moderator. Zirconium deuteride is employed in a form of pin arrays at the inner most rows of radial blanket fuel assemblies, which works as a reflector in order to flatten the radial power distribution in the outer core region of MONJU. The power flattening can be utilized to increase core average burn-up by increasing operational time. The core neutronics has been evaluated with a continuous-energy model Monte Carlo code MVP and the JENDL-3.3 cross-section library. The result indicates that the power peaking factor in the core is the smallest when the number of deuteride moderator pins is 61, and the core average burn-up can be increased by about 7% relative to that of no moderator core due to the power flattening. Major core characteristics and core safety including sodium void reactivity, Doppler coefficient, control rod worth and reactivity insertion that occurred at dissolution of deuteron were also evaluated. The breeding ratio of the deuteride case is a little less than that of no moderator case. It is also clear that the influence of major core characteristics and safety aspect by the introduction of deuteride moderator is small.
The present study indicates that the use of deuteride moderators in the blanket region has a large potential to improve performances of FBR cores.
Acknowledgments
The author deeply appreciates Dr. T. Yokoyama of Toshiba Nuclear Engineering Services Corporation, Mr. Akira Nagata and Mr. Y. Tsuboi of Toshiba Corporation, and Mr. S. Aoyagi of ISA Corporation for their cooperation and advices. Present study includes the results of “Study on Optimization of Core Arrangement of Core Fuel and Blanket Fuel on FBR” entrusted to “Tohoku University” by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT).