Effects of Diameters on Countercurrent Flow Limitation at a Square Top End in Vertical Pipes

Figure 2

Shapes near the top end of the vertical pipe used by (a) Wallis and Kuo [11], (b) Bharathan et al. [12], (c) Matsumura and Kaminaga [13], and (d) Doi et al. [10].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)