Ship Bow Force-Deformation Curves for Ship-Impact Demand of Bridges considering Effect of Pile-Cap Depth

Figure 9

Local characteristics of P-a curves.

(a) Crush depth 𝑎=1.6 m

(b) Crush depth 𝑎=1.9 m

(c) Crush depth 𝑎=2.1 m

(d) P-a curve over the local crush depth