Improved Multibody Dynamics for Investigating Energy Dissipation in Train Collisions Based on Scaling Laws

Table 1

Scaling parameters.

Category	Independent parameter	Dimension	Similarity factor
Material	Stress ()		1.0
	Strain ()	—	1.0
	Elastic modulus ()		1.0
	Poisson’s ratio ()	—	1.0
	Density ()		1.0
Geometry	Length ()		S
	Area ()		S^2
	Volume ()		S^3
Energy	Elastic and plastic energy, kinetic energy ()		S^3
	Mass ()		S^3
Dynamic	Load ()		S^2
	Time ()
	Displacement ()
	Velocity )		1.0

, , and are base quantity dimensions. : length; : force; : time; : similarity factor.