Failure Characteristics of Joint Bolts in Shield Tunnels Subjected to Impact Loads from a Derailed Train

Table 4

Material properties for the train model [15].

Material type	Elastic modulus (MPa)	Poisson’s ratio	Density (kg/m^3)	Yield strength (MPa)
Aluminium alloy outer profile	70000.0	0.30	2700.0	225.0
Foam core	105.0	0.25	27.0	/
Glass-fiber reinforced plastics	8400.0	0.40	1600.0	150.0