Casing Vibration Fault Diagnosis Based on Variational Mode Decomposition, Local Linear Embedding, and Support Vector Machine

Table 3

An example of feature parameters.

	Number
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Amplitude	38.2316	25.3643	5.0363	5.0360	3.3729	3.9924	−0.2661	3.1359	1.2614	7.5917	9.5761	11.3350
Frequency	0.9411	1.3504	1.3869	1.8874	1.8037	1.2030	0.4113	0.5810	0.8591	1.9295	0.1392	0.1262
VMD-Envelope 1	2.1396	1.1169	0.6736	0.1940	0.8120	0.3441	0.2624	0.3452	0.2311	0.0976
VMD-Envelope 2	0.2212	0.4462	0.1413	0.1871	0.2477	0.1253	0.1061	0.0608	0.0855	0.0855
Omega	0.0189	0.0832	0.1794	0.2382	0.3906	0.4807