Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Responses and Damage of Linings Subjected to Violent Gas Explosions inside Highway Tunnels

Table 7

Damage characteristics of the lining.

Damage degree

Parts of the lining

Distance to the detonation (m)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

14

16

18

20

Arch

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

HD

HD

MD

MD

MD

LD

LD

LD

LD

LD

Sidewall

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

HD

HD

HD

MD

LD

LD

LD

LD

LD

Floor

FD

FD

HD

MD

HD

HD

FD

FD

FD

HD

MD

LD

MD

MD

LD

LD