| | Class | Material | Name | Advantages | Disadvantages | Use | References |
| | (a) | Rock powder, sand, clay, water and their mixtures, and so on | Clay | Strong plasticity, good blockage effect, low cost | Large volume of transportation, long loading time | (i) | Cummins and Given, 1973 | | Sand | General blockage effect,
high density | Large volume of transportation, long loading time, used with clay | Konya, 1996 | | Rock powder | General blockage effect,
low cost | Large volume of transportation, long loading time | Sharma and Rai,
2015 | | A mixture of clay, sand, and water | Composite blockage,
good blockage effect | High operating requirements, large volume of transportation, long loading time | Choudhary and Rai, 2013 |
| | (b) | Water, air, aqueous solution, gel material, and so on | Water injection | Reduces dust and harmful gas | Small friction, cannot be used alone | (i) | Unver and Ozozen, 1998 | | Gas injection | Reduces dust and harmful gas | Small friction, cannot be used alone | (ii) | Kang, 2006 | | Gel | Reduces dust and harmful gas, good blockage effect | Slow setting and hardening, complex process | (i) | Wang, 2007 | | Surfactant | Reduces dust and harmful gas, good blockage effect | Polluted air, high cost | (i) | Jin et al., 2007 |
| | (c) | Expansion agent,
accelerator,
early strength agent,
water glass, cement, gypsum, and so on | Water-absorbent rubber | General blockage effect,
low cost | Poor blockage effect, used with water stemming | (i) | Wang et al., 2015 | | Organic quick-setting | General blockage effect,
low cost | Used with pressure and water stemming | (iii) | Marinho et al., 2017 | | Inorganic quick-setting | General blockage effect,
low cost | Used with pressure and water stemming | (iii) | Cevizci and Özkahraman, 2011 |
| | (d) | Plastic, rubber, wood, ceramic, and so on | Bottom cone plug | General blockage effect,
easy to use | Cannot be used alone | (iv) | Skaggs, 1998 | | Wedge plug | General blockage effect,
easy to use | Preloading, stemming sealing again | Worsey, 1993 | | Spherical plug | General blockage effect,
easy to use | Preloading, stemming sealing again | S. Jenkins and T. S. Jenkins, 2001 | | Spiral burst plug | Good blockage effect,
easy to use | Complex structure | Shann, 2002 | | Combination plug | Good blockage effect,
easy to use | Complex structure | Sazid et al.,
2011 |
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