The Hybrid Method of VMD-PSR-SVD and Improved Binary PSO-KNN for Fault Diagnosis of Bearing

Figure 3

The features of a set of samples with different states based on VMD-SVD. (a) Features of the sample representing normal state. (b) Features of the sample representing inner race fault. (c) Features of the sample representing outer race fault. (d) Features of the sample representing ball fault.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)