Adaptability of Turbulence Models for Pantograph Aerodynamic Noise Simulation

Figure 4

Instantaneous vortex structure of the cylindrical turbulent models of (a) LES, (b) SAS, (c) IDDES sst-kω, (d) DDES sst-kω, and (e) DDES R-kε.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)