A Numerical Investigation on Scaling Rolling Friction Effects in Shaking Table Model Tests

Table 1

Scale parameters without scaling density.

Physical parameter	Units	Equation	Scale
			1 : 1	1 : 4	1 : 7	1 : 10	1 : 13	1 : 16	1 : 19
Length	m	1/L	1	1/4	1/7	1/10	1/13	1/16	1/19
Friction increment ratio (friction coefficient increment per meter)	1/m	L	1	4	7	10	13	16	19
Elastic modulus	kN/m^2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Stress	kN/m^2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Density	t/m^3	D	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Mass	t	D/L^3	1	0.0156	0.00292	0.001	0.000455	0.000244	0.000146
Force	kN	1/L^2	1	0.0625	0.0204	0.01	0.00592	0.00391	0.00277
Damping constant	kN·s/m	D^0.5/L^2	1	0.0625	0.0204	0.01	0.00592	0.00391	0.00277
Time	s	D^0.5/L	1	0.25	0.143	0.1	0.0769	0.0625	0.0526
Velocity	m/s	1/D^0.5	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Acceleration	m/s^2	L/D	1	4	7	10	13	16	19
Gravity acceleration 1	m/s^2	L/D	1	4	7	10	13	16	19
Gravity acceleration 2	m/s^2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1