Fault Diagnosis of High-Power Tractor Engine Based on Competitive Multiswarm Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimizer Algorithm

Figure 7

Variation trend of eight parameters under five different working conditions. (a) Air flow change trend. (b) Coolant temperature change trend. (c) Engine load change trend. (d) Engine speed change trend. (e) Exhaust camshaft position change trend. (f) Fuel supply advance angle change trend. (g) Intake camshaft position change trend. (h) Intake manifold pressure change trend.

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(b)

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(e)

(f)

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(h)