Pipeline Performances under Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction: State of the Art on Real Observations, Model Tests, and Numerical Simulations

Table 1

Comparisons on uplift displacements for different test conditions (extracted from [28]).

Case	Relative density (%)	Ratio W/D (−)	Wave type	Shaking acceleration (g)	Uplift (m)
97-02	80	1.33	Sinusoidal	0.294	0.23
98-02	80	1.33	Sinusoidal	0.785	0.72
98-04	80	1.33	Kobe	0.785	0.26
98-05	50	1.33	Kobe	0.785	0.60
01-03	50	0.80	Sinusoidal	0.294	1.32
01-05	50	1.33	Sinusoidal	0.294	1.21