Optimization Design on Functionally Graded Cem for Trains Based on LPM Model with Calibrated Parameters

Table 1

Response comparison of the 1D model and 3D model.

Response	Tc			M
	1D	3D	Error (%)	1D	3D	Error (%)
Longitudinal deformation (mm)	27.3	29.1	−6.18	52.8	48.7	+8.42
Energy absorption (kJ)	463	451	+2.66	402	366	+9.83