Rebound Mechanism and Control of the Hard Main Roof in the Deep Mining Roadway in Huainan Mining Area

Chen, Denghong; Li, Chao; Hua, Xinzhu; Lu, Xiaoyu; Yuan, Yongqiang; Li, Chen

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4562365

Shock and Vibration

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Seismic Performance, Damage Mechanism and Seismic Design for Tunnel Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 4562365 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4562365

Rebound Mechanism and Control of the Hard Main Roof in the Deep Mining Roadway in Huainan Mining Area

Denghong Chen,^1,2Chao Li,^1,2Xinzhu Hua,^1,2Xiaoyu Lu,^1,2Yongqiang Yuan,^1,2and Chen Li^1,2

Academic Editor: Xiao Wang

Received16 Aug 2021

Accepted17 Sept 2021

Published05 Oct 2021

Abstract

Taking the occurrence conditions of the hard main roof in the deep 13-1 coal mining roadway in Huainan mining area as the research object, based on the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock and the stress state of the main roof obtained by numerical simulation, a simply supported beam calculation model was established based on the damage factor D, main roof support reaction R_A, R_B, and critical range C (9 m) and B (7 m) at the elastoplastic junction of the solid coal side and mining face side (hereinafter referred to as “junction”). Considering that the damage area still has a large bearing capacity, the vertical stress of the main roof at the junction is K₁γH (0.05γh, 0.15γh, and 0.25γh) and K₂γH (0.01γh, 0.10γh, and 0.2γh). The maximum deflection is 21 mm, 324 mm, and 627.6 mm, respectively. According to the criterion of tensile failure, the maximum bending moment of the top beam is 209 mN·m at the side of the working face 3.1 m away from the roadway side when K₁ = 0.15 and K₂ = 0.10, and the whole hard main roof is in tensile failure except the junction. To control the stability of the top beam and simplify the supporting reaction to limit the deformation of the slope angle, R_C and R_D are used to construct the statically indeterminate beam. By adding an anchor cable and advance self-moving support to the roadway side angle, the problem of difficult control of the surrounding rock with a large deformation of the side angle roof is solved, which provides a reference for roof control under similar conditions.

1. Introduction

With the rapid extraction of shallow coal resources, increasing coal mines enter deep mining. After entering the deep mining, problems such as strong ground pressure and large deformation of the stope and roadway surrounding rock under hard roof conditions have become increasingly prominent. Scholars have carried out a lot of research studies on the mechanism and prevention and control of such problems [1–3]. In terms of the ground pressure behavior law and control in hard roof stopes, the feasible region of the mechanical solution of the thin plate in the hard roof stope and the transformation method from the thick plate to the thin plate by using the method of thick plate mechanics were studied [4]. Aiming at the problem of rock burst in the hard roof working face, the main causes and influencing factors of rock burst are analyzed [5]. The problem of strong ground pressure in the hard roof stope was aspected from prediction, process change, or weighting step and strength control [6–10]. In terms of the mechanism and control of strong ground pressure in the deep roadway, in-depth research was carried out on the rheological and structural instability deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock of the deep roadway and the failure mechanism of the butterfly plastic zone by using experiments, similarity simulation, mechanical theoretical model, or numerical simulation [11–14]. Around improving the strength of the surrounding rock and reducing the range of the plastic zone, papers put forward control technologies from different angles such as prestressed anchor bolt, “three high” support, and grouting to increase initial and working anchoring force [15–18]. The response mechanism of microfracture evolution to macrodeformation is simulated and measured [19]. Scholars have analyzed the distribution characteristics and law of stress around the deep mining roadway [20–22]. The above research has well described and analyzed the deformation mechanism and control of the deep roadway, but there is little research on the deformation mechanism and control countermeasures of the deep hard roof mining roadway. This paper intends to take the difficult problem of difficult control of roadway large deformation in the mining process under the hard old roof of 13-1 coal in Huainan mining area as the starting point; based on the measured mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock and numerical simulation stress state, a simply supported beam mechanical model is constructed to deeply analyze the deformation mechanism and rebound mechanism of the roof surrounding rock of this kind of mining roadway to put forward targeted prevention and control countermeasures.

2. Engineering Background

In this paper, the mining roadway of three hard main roof occurrence working faces of 13-1 coal mine in Huainan mining area is selected as the research object, including the 1141 (3) working face of Dingji Coal Mine, 171301 working face of Liuzhuang Coal Mine, and 111303 working face of Kouzi East Coal Mine. The coal seam floor elevation is −579∼−729 m, −515.7 m∼−681.2 m, and −742.5 m∼−877.3 m, the average coal seam dip angle is 7°∼11°, and the average coal thickness is 4.76 m, 5.14 m, and 4.5 m; the immediate roof phase changes greatly, which is generally a composite roof composed of sandy, mudstone, and 13-2 coal. The main roof is sandy mudstone and fine sandstone of 2.7 m, 2.99 m, and 5 m, respectively. The comprehensive histogram of the top and bottom plate is shown in Figures 1(a)–1(c).

(a)

(b)

(c)

As is shown in Figure 1, there is a thick main roof in the mining roadway of coal 13-1. The immediate roof is mainly a composite roof, and the main roof is directly covered, occasionally, showing the characteristics of a hard main roof (the test results of surrounding rock mechanical parameters are shown in Figure 2. The uniaxial compressive strength of the coal 13-1 main roof is 122 MPa, and the tensile strength is about 13 MPa). At the same time, the support form of this kind of mining roadway mostly adopts anchor mesh cable support, and the roadway excavation shape is divided into a rectangular and straight wall arch; different design sizes (12 m², 17.3 m², and 21.3 m²); mining height varies greatly with coal thickness, ranging from 2 to 6 m; the working face is long and varies greatly (201 m, 300 m, and 324 m); the length of the anchor cable support (6.3 m and 9.2 m) is also different. Under this commonness and difference, the phenomenon of large deformation and strong failure of surrounding rock in 13-1 coal mining roadway is common.

(a)

(b)

As shown in Figure 3, in the deep mining roadway, the failure of the top-angle bolt support, fracturing instability of the sidewall signal column, and serious shrinkage of the roadway section due to the excessive mine pressure are common, which have an extremely adverse impact on the stability of the roadway and the safety of coal mining and tunneling activities. The influence of mining depth, mining height, face length, and support length on the stability of the surrounding rock of the mining roadway is systematically and completely analyzed in [23]. This paper mainly analyzes the deformation and failure process of the hard main roof of the deep mining roadway. Through FLAC3D postprocessing analysis, the vertical stress distribution of the 13-1 coal hard main roof with a face length of 250 m, a mining height of 4 m, a buried depth of 900 m, and 7.3 m anchor cable support is shown in Figure 4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

It can be seen from Figure 4 that, during the mining of the working face, different areas of the roof of the front mining roadway are affected by the advance support pressure and lateral support pressure differently, which are manifested in that the peak stress of the main roof of the roadway near the working face is larger than that of the solid coal side. Further data processing and analysis can be obtained in which the support pressure of the main roof tends to reach the peak at 7 m in front of the working face. At this time, the solid coal side is 7 m away from the roadway side. The vertical stress at 9 m from the side of the working face to the roadway side reaches the peak, which is 24.8 MPa and 26.6 MPa, respectively. The concentration factors estimated according to the equivalent original rock stress at 900 m buried depth are 1.10 and 1.18, respectively, which provide important support for the boundary establishment of subsequent theoretical models.

3. Theoretical Model Establishment and Analysis

According to the test results of the surrounding rock of mechanical parameters, the main roof of 13-1 mining is hard, and the uniaxial compressive strength is about 120 MPa. Its stability will be the key to the overall stability of the surrounding rock of the mining roadway. For quantitative analysis, the conditions of model analysis are assumed as follows: (1) each rock stratum is a homogeneous, continuous, and isotropic material; (2) it is assumed that the surrounding rock in the elastic area of the mining roadway is the Winkler elastic foundation beam [24–26], which can provide a support reaction force of the same magnitude as the bearing pressure; (3) the bearing capacity of the plastic zone decreases sharply with the material damage of 13-1 mining and the immediate roof, and the damage function d follows Weibull distribution; that is, the support reaction from the mining wall to the elastic-plastic junction increases gradually, but it is less than the bearing pressure of the main roof; (4) assuming that the main roof acts on the immediate roof and 13-1 mining in the form of given deformation, the surrounding rock deformation of the immediate roof and 13-1 mining around the roadway is consistent; (5) with the increase of bearing pressure, the radius of the plastic zone within the peak value of bearing pressure expands faster than the peak value of bearing pressure. It is assumed that it is in the same position, and the resultant force of the support reaction force and roof pressure after damage at the peak point are constant; (6) the main roof of 13-1 mining has high strength. When its thickness collapse ratio is less than , it meets the requirements of the “beam” model. The key to the stability control of the surrounding rock under the hard main roof of the deep mining roadway is the stability control of the main roof rock beam during mining. The model test and numerical calculation results show that the roof movement of the deep hard main roof mining roadway during mining is different from that of the shallow mining roadway, and the deformation characteristics of shallow tensile strain and deep compressive strain appear. With the continuous increase of bearing pressure, the roof of the mining roadway is mainly damaged by tensile strain.

Build the stress analysis model of the main roof of the deep hard main roof mining roadway, as shown in Figure 5, analyze the deformation mechanism of the tension compression composite deformation of the surrounding rock inof the hard main roof of the deep hard main roof mining roadway, and put forward the corresponding prevention and control technology.

(a)

(b)

From the analysis of numerical simulation results, it can be seen that, during the mining of the working face, the bearing pressure distribution of the main roof above the front mining roadway is asymmetric, and its values are K₁ (mining side) and K₂ (solid side) (K₁ > K₂). From the analysis in the previous section, it can be seen that the plastic failure of the coal side of the deep hard roof mining roadway has zoning characteristics, and its bearing capacity is greatly reduced in the residual area, compared with the deep buried high stress; the support reaction can be ignored. It is proposed to consider that the main roof of the roadway in this area is in a free state, the elastic zone and softening zone are the main load-bearing body, and its junction is located within the roadway side from the peak point of the support pressure. The support pressure of the main roof beyond the peak point of the simplified support pressure is balanced by the roadway side reaction of the elastic zone, and its junction is simply supported; the pressure within the peak point acts on the main roof of the plastic zone (softening zone and residual zone). Let the damage factor of this zone be D [24], and take the microelement as the following assumptions: (1) the deformation and failure of the microelement obey Hooke’s law; that is, it satisfies the formula; (2) the microelement strength meets the statistical Weibull distribution, and the probability density function is as follows:

It can be seen from the analysis of [25] that

Then, support reaction residual strength of the surrounding rock in this section iswhere m is the shape parameter and n is the scale parameter.

It is assumed that the roof support force of the roadway supported by the anchor mesh cable is p_i, the compressive stress in the roof relief area is q_c, and the peak value of vertical stress in the main roof on the solid coal side is σ_st. The peak value of the vertical stress of the main roof at the side of the mining face is σ_HC, the support reaction forces at the two simply supported ends are R_A and R_B, and the stress conditions of the main roof are simplified as shown in Figure 6.where k₁ is the stress concentration factor of the solid coal side; k₂ is the side stress concentration factor of the mining face; q_c is the roof compressive stress, MPa; σ_hc is the resultant force of vertical stress minus bearing capacity at the elastic-plastic junction on the side of the mining face, MPa; σ_st is the resultant force of vertical stress minus bearing capacity at the elastic-plastic junction on the solid coal side, MPa; and q is the top plate force deducting support force, MPa.

It is assumed that the excavation radius of the mining roadway is r, the span is 2R, the distance between the peak value of the supporting pressure on the solid coal side and the roadway side is B, the distance between the peak value of the supporting pressure on the working face side and the roadway side is c, and the elastic-plastic junction on both sides of the roadway is simply supported. It can be seen from the material mechanics that, for the simply supported reaction force at the elastic-plastic junction of the deep hard roof mining roadway, the simply supported end closing moment (the direction of the beam is recorded as unit 1) can be obtained according to the joint force coupled at the simply supported position is 0 and the equilibrium condition, the equilibrium equation and simply supported reaction force were calculated as follows:

Seek

According to this, the bending moment of the main roof can be calculated and expressed in sections as follows:

Angle of integration is

Integral quadratic deflection is

The following assumptions are made, ignoring the initial subsidence of the main roof in the elastic zone, and it is considered that the subsidence of the main roof at the elastic-plastic junction is 0. Substitute boundary conditions and and continuous condition , , , and . The undetermined parameters are calculated, and the results are as follows:

Referring to the numerical simulation results and combined with the geological engineering conditions of the deep mining roadway, the corresponding parameters are selected as follows: H = 900 m, γ = 25 kN/m³, k₂ = 2.5, k₁ = 1.8, b = 7 m, c = 9 m, R = 2.5 m, q_c = 0.7 mN/m, p_i = 0.3 mN/m, E = 22 GPa, and layer thickness h_i = 2.5 m (meet the condition that the ratio of “beam” thickness to length is less than . In addition, to ensure the safety of the beam, the normal stress of the beam cannot exceed a certain limit; that is, the beam must also meet both the normal stress strength condition that is and the shear stress strength condition that is ; it was calculated to meet the two conditions). The beam width is taken as the unit length 1 m, = 1.3 m⁴, and it should be noted that, in equation (6), σ_st and σ_hc cannot be simply equal to the peak value of bearing pressure. Considering that the damaged area still has large bearing capacity, it is simplified; σ_hc = 0.05γH, 0.15γH, and 0.25γH; σ_st = 0.01γH, 0.10γH, and 0.2γH. The influence of the resultant force of two vertical stresses at the elastic-plastic junction on the deflection of the main roof is analyzed, as shown in Figure 7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

It can be seen from Figure 7 that, under the action of asymmetric mining abutment pressure, with the increase of the peak value of abutment pressure (with the comprehensive effects of buried depth, mining height, face length, change of the support body, and reduction of bearing capacity after damage), although the relative difference between the two sides of abutment pressure remains unchanged, the deflection of the hard main roof increases rapidly, and the maximum value has increased from 21 mm (when σ_hc = 0.05γH and σ_st = 0.01γH) to 324 mm (when σ_hc = 0.15γH and σ_st = 0.11γH) and then to 627.6 mm (when σ_hc = 0.25γH and σ_st = 0.21γH). The calculation results show that the peak value and position of the main roof pressure not only affect the bending moment and deflection but also affect the position of the maximum bending moment, that is, the position of tensile fracture, fix the peak position, and increase the roof pressure, and the maximum value point tends to move inward to the working face side.

The tensile strength of the main roof of the deep hard roof mining roadway is assumed to be of compressive strength , up to 12 MPa; according to the maximum tensile stress criterion, when the tensile stress meets the following formula, the main roof will break and become unstable.

The maximum bending moment without tensile failure is calculated as

Parameters to calculate the deflection are σ_hc = 0.15γH and σ_st = 0.11γH. By substituting bending moment expression (10), the sectional curve of the bending moment of the main roof above the mining roadway can be calculated, as shown in Figure 8.

It can be seen from Figure 8 that the maximum bending moment of the main roof is obtained at x = 15.1 m, and the maximum bending moment is 209 MN·m. Except for the small bending moment at the elastic-plastic junction, the whole rock beam of the main roof is in the stage of tensile failure and instability. Therefore, the main roof above the roadway is unstable at this time.

4. Stability Control Countermeasures

It can be seen from the analysis in the previous section that when the deep hard roof mining roadway is clearly affected by the mining support pressure, the deformation of the surrounding rock of the roof intensifies. At this time, it is often necessary to provide the support reaction R_C and R_D at the side slope angle with advanced monomers or advanced self-moving support or wooden point columns to limit the roof subsidence of the slope angle and strengthen the simplified main roof stress model of the support section, as shown in Figure 9.

Assuming that the reinforced support of R_C and R_D can limit the top angle subsidence under ideal conditions, the coal slope stability of the main roof “beam” can be treated according to the simple support condition, which is a statically indeterminate problem. Remove the constraints here, and replace them with R_C and R_D. The analysis is as follows:

Seek

According to this, the bending moment of the main roof can be calculated and expressed in sections as follows:

Angle of integration is

Integral quadratic deflection is

Substitute boundary conditions , , , and and continuous condition , , , and . Substitute relevant parameters: H = 900 m, γ = 25 kN/m³, k₂ = 2.5, k₁ = 1.8, b = 7 m, c = 9 m, R = 2.5 m, q_c = 0.7 mN/m, p_i = 0.3 mN/m, E = 22 GPa, and layer thickness h_i = 2.5 m; draw the deflection curve of the hard main roof as shown in Figure 10.

The model explains the mechanism of compression rebound deformation of the hard roof slab in the deep roadway. If the anchor end of the anchor cable is installed at this position, according to the deformation characteristics of “easy to pull but not easy to press” of the rock, the surrounding rock of the roof in the compression section is stable. Therefore, the overall surrounding rock stability of the mining roadway will be effectively controlled, which provides theoretical guidance for the range and parameter design of the roof support. As shown in Figure 10, after strengthening the support of the deep mining roadway, the stability of the roadway is improved by reflecting the deflection curve of the main roof.

5. Engineering Applications and Effects

Based on the theoretical calculation of the model of the “simply supported beam,” it can be seen that the timely support of the sidewall roof of the roadway and reducing the deflection displacement of the main roof can effectively reduce the roof subsidence. If the deformation is limited or the support force is sufficient, the roof will form a rebound compression zone. If the anchor end of the anchor cable support can be installed in the compression zone, the stability of the overall surrounding rock of the roadway will be effectively controlled. Based on this, the principle of “strong side protection on both sides of the roof” is put forward. The specific improvement measures are as follows: it is proposed to expand the roadway excavation section to 5 m × 3.5 m, large deformation is reserved at 3.5 m, and self-moving support is implemented in the air return roadway of working face 1282 (3) of Dingji Coal Mine for timely advance support; in order to meet the needs of roof management of advanced self-moving support, the track inclined roadway and transportation inclined roadway in the 171303 working face of Liuzhuang Coal Mine are optimized from the initial straight wall semicircular arch section to the straight wall semicircular flat roof arch section; on the basis of the failure of mechanical air roadway support in the 111303 working face of Zidong Mine, two sides are added Ф6.3 m anchor cable, the roof anchor cable is changed from 6.3 m to 7.3 m, the straight wall arch roadway is adopted, the middle is followed by the excavation, and a row of wooden point columns with a diameter of 200 mm are erected head-on, which can not only reduce the span but also serve as signal columns. The above roof control measures greatly improve the support effect of the deep 13-1 coal mining roadway in Huainan mining area compared with the adjacent 1141 (3) working face, 171301 working face, and 111303 working face, as shown in Figures 11 and 12.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

6. Conclusions

(1)Based on the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock, the uniaxial compressive strength of the 13-1 coal main roof is 122 MPa, and the stress distribution law of the hard roof during mining is obtained by numerical simulation; a simply supported beam calculation model of the hard roof based on damage factor D, support reactions R_A and R_B in the elastic-plastic boundary area between the solid coal and mining face, and critical range c (9 m) and b (7 m) is constructed.(2)Considering that the damaged area still has large bearing capacity, the vertical stresses at the elastic-plastic junction of the stope side and solid coal side are calculated and analyzed as k₁γH (0.05γH, 0.15γH, and 0.25γH) and k₂γH (0.01γH, 0.10γH, and 0.2γH), respectively. The maximum deflection of roof subsidence is 21 mm, 324 mm, and 627.6 mm, respectively; the vertical peak pressure and its position of the hard main roof not only affect the bending moment and deflection but also affect the position where the maximum bending moment occurs, that is, the position where it can be broken, fix the peak position, and increase the main roof pressure, and the maximum point tends to move inward to the working face side.(3)Furthermore, according to the tensile failure instability criterion, when K₁ = 0.15 and K₂ = 0.10, the maximum bending moment of the top beam is 209 mN·m at the side of the working face 3.1 m away from the roadway slope, and the whole hard main roof is in tensile failure instability except for the small bending moment at the elastic-plastic junction.(4)To prevent tensile failure and instability, it is proposed that, after the corner reinforcement reduces the roof displacement (or provides support reaction force), the stress deformation of the main roof rock beam is analyzed. According to the solution steps of the statically indeterminate beam, the support force and its deflection curve acting on the roof are obtained by using the method of releasing constraints, the phenomenon of roof rebound is found, and the possibility of roof compression deformation and compression zone is theoretically explained. This paper puts forward the “principle of strengthening the roof on both sides” and implements the advanced self-moving support and strengthens the roof angle support in the return air roadway of the 1282 (3) working face in Dingji Coal Mine, the track inclined roadway and transportation inclined roadway of the 171303 working face in Liuzhuang Coal Mine, and the machine air roadway of the 111303 working face in Kouzidong mine.(5)Future research opportunities of this paper may focus on how to control the deflection of the hard main roof which increases rapidly due to the increase of the stress concentration factor of solid coal side k₁ and mining face side k₂, while the face mining period except the corner reinforcement reduces the roof displacement such as drilling holes to reduce stress concentration and transfer stress peak positions, and grouting is used to strengthen the surrounding rock near the shallow side of the working face under the action of high stress, improve the overall strength and bearing capacity of the surrounding rock, and realize the stability control of the hard roof of the roadway.

Data Availability

The data used in the field measurement can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed to this article. During the research, Xiaoyu Lu, Yongqiang Yuan, Chen Li, and Chao Li reviewed and modified the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank their tutor Professor Hua Xinzhu for his guidance on this paper. The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center under Grant No. GXXT-2020-008 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51974008 and 51774010).

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Copyright © 2021 Denghong Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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