Roof Failure Mechanism and Control Technology of Large Section Open-Off Cut in Soft Rock Strata with Thin Thickness

Li, Chen; Li, Jun; Lian, Xiaoyong; Li, Yongen; Xue, Qi; Feng, Jicheng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5533741

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Abstract Introduction Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Technology, Research, and Outlook of Coal Rock Dynamic Disasters in Deep Mining

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5533741 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5533741

Roof Failure Mechanism and Control Technology of Large Section Open-Off Cut in Soft Rock Strata with Thin Thickness

Chen Li,¹Jun Li,¹Xiaoyong Lian,¹Yongen Li,²Qi Xue,³and Jicheng Feng⁴

Academic Editor: Xiaowei Deng

Received06 Jan 2021

Accepted06 May 2021

Published17 May 2021

Abstract

The open-off cut is used for equipment installation of working face before underground mining, and its sectional size is larger than that of the mining roadway. Therefore, the stability of open-off cut surrounding rock determines whether the panel can be put into operation. To solve the roof instability of open-off cut in the Wanli No.1 coal mine, the roof failure mechanism of open-off cut under weak composite rock strata with thin thickness was studied by field monitoring, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. First, the characteristics of surrounding rock and the basic law of strata behaviors were obtained by detailed field monitoring. Afterward, FLAC^3D numerical simulation and mechanical analysis were used to obtain the main mechanical control parameters of surrounding rock instability, and the existence of a soft interlayer above the roof is the main cause of roof instability. Based on this, the supporting parameters of the open-off cut were optimized and adjusted. The optimized parameters were applied to the adjacent 31207 open-off cut. The engineering practice showed that the optimized supporting parameters have an ideal control effect on roof stability.

1. Introduction

China currently relies on underground mining for 90% of its coal production [1]. Open-off cut is a special roadway where mining equipment is installed before underground coal mining [2]. The superlarge output of comprehensive mechanized coal mining working face determines the large-scale coal mining equipment. Therefore, the section size of the cutting hole is larger than that of the ordinary mining roadway [3]. At the same time, the rock mass of coal seam is mostly in the low-strength sedimentary strata, and the surrounding rock mass is generally composed of multiple rock mass composite structures, which poses a certain threat to the safety of roadway engineering [4–7]. The stability of surrounding rock around the open-off cut directly determines whether the working face can be successfully put into operation [8].

Many scholars have performed a lot of research on roadway engineering under different conditions. In terms of soft rock roadway research, Du et al. [9, 10] studied the deformation characteristics of the soft roof in inclined coal seam by numerical analysis and put forward the support optimization scheme. Shen et al. [11, 12] studied the roadway failure rule and its mechanism under the condition of large deviation between vertical and horizontal stress of the coal seam. Li et al. [13, 14] obtained the failure modes of deep roadway through field monitoring and proposed specific control schemes through numerical analysis, which provided references for engineering governance under similar geological conditions. The research results of large section roadway engineering are described [15–17]. Based on the practical problems in underground mining of coal mine, Hu et al. [3, 18] studied the supporting technology of large-span open-off cut. Gao et al. [19, 20] studied the deformation and failure mechanism of the surrounding rock of the ultralarge tunnel through the large-scale geomechanical model testing system, and they analyzed the evolution rules of displacement and stress under different support conditions. Aiming at the problem of large roof deformation of soft rock roadway with large section, Yan et al. [21] proposed the control system of the twice-formed roadway and “multi-support structure.” In terms of composite roof research, Li et al. [22, 23] have studied the triggering effect of interlayer on surrounding rock failure. Jia et al. [24, 25] studied and analyzed that the main cause of roof caving accidents was the deterioration of roof rock assemblage. Ma et al. [26, 27] obtained the mechanics’ mechanism of roadway instability caused by composite roofs through theoretical mechanics derivation. Chen et al. [28–30] obtained the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of composite samples, which have reference significance for the understanding of the failure of the composite roof.

To meet the output of the working face, large equipment must be used in the Wanli No.1 coal mine, so that the section of open-off cut is larger. In the previous engineering of open-off cut, the support parameters were obtained mainly by engineering analogy. Due to the good stability of surrounding rock in the previous project, the support parameters have not been changed. As a result, the supporting parameters of the 31206 open-off cut cannot meet the stability of its surrounding rock. Therefore, based on the problems meeting in the field, this study focuses on the failure mechanism of the weak composite roof through numerical simulation and theoretical analysis and puts forward the scientific support technology pertinently. It can guide similar engineering problems.

2. Engineering Project

2.1. Geological Survey

Wanli No.1 coal mine is located in the north of Dongsheng Coalfield in Ordos city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. It is an oversize coal mine with an annual output of more than 6 Mt. The coal seam in Dongsheng coalfield has typical characteristics of shallow and thin bedrock. The roof of coal seam is weak in lithology, and the strata are complex.

The thickness of the coal seam in panel 31207 and panel 31206 was between 3.4 and 3.8 m, averaging 3.6 m. The structure of the coal seam was complex, and the roof was developed with mudstone gangue, as shown in Figure 1. The immediate roof of coal seam was sandy mudstone and medium sandstone, with an average thickness of 3.4 m and 1.4 m, respectively, and the roof sandy mudstone contained gangue with an average thickness of 0.4 m. The immediate floor of coal seam was fine sandstone and sandy mudstone, with an average thickness of 2.2 m and 3.6 m, respectively.

2.2. Project Profile

The working face length of panel 31207 was 300 m, and the design width and height of the open-off cut were 7.6 m and 3.6 m, respectively. The section size of the 31206 open-off cut is the same as that of the adjacent 31207 open-off cut. 31206 open-off cut partial roof falling occurred before the open-off cut was officially put into use, so large density anchor cable reinforcement and even shed support had been carried out, as shown in Figure 2.

(a)

(b)

The supporting parameters of coal seam open-off cut are shown in Figure 3. The roof is supported by the method of “left-rotation non-longitudinal reinforcement rebar bolt + anchor cable + W steel belt + metal welding net.” The roof supported 9 bolts per meter, whose diameter and length were, respectively, 18 mm and 2500 mm. The bolt spacing and row spacing were, respectively, 900 mm and 1000 mm. Five roof anchor cables with a diameter of 17.8 mm were arranged on the roof, and they were 2 m between two rows. The two sides of the rib were, respectively, rod bolt with a diameter of 16 mm and FRP bolt with a diameter of 22 mm, with a row spacing of 1000 m.

3. Field Monitoring and Results

According to the previous engineering experience, the deformation of open-off cut was less than 50 mm during excavation. However, the deformation of the 31206 open-off cut was significantly larger, and the roof caving occurred at 243 m and 276 m away from pillar 31205. After the occurrence of roof caving, the deep-base monitoring data near the roof caving were timely sorted out, and the mining pressure observation was strengthened in the abnormal area, mainly including the borehole imagine, cable pull-out test, and borehole core mechanics test. The schematic diagram of the fieldwork is shown in Figure 4.

3.1. Roof Deformation Monitoring

To monitor the mining pressure in time, a set of deep base point separation monitor was installed every 60 m in open-off cut during drivage. One measuring point was also installed at the intersection of roadway and open-off cut, and a total of 8 measuring points were arranged, as shown in Figure 4. The separation monitor was installed 5 m behind the heading face. The internal basis points of surrounding rock were 2 m, 4 m, and 8 m, respectively, as shown in Figure 5. Representative displacement data of monitoring points were selected and sorted out as shown in Figure 6.

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(b)

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The roof sag tended to increase as it got closer to panel 31207, and the roof deformation at the intersection of open-off cut and roadway was the largest, as is shown in Figure 6. Previous engineering experience shows that the roof would sag within 50 mm after open-off cut excavation, and the deformation of roadway was mainly within 7 days after excavation, and it tended to be stable after 15 days. However, there was no slowing trend of roadway roof displacement from the measuring point 3 to point 8, and the roof displacement had reached 76 mm when the observation point 3 was observed on the 35th day. Meanwhile, observation points 7 and 8 have been observed for 20 days, and roof sag has reached 108 mm and 139 mm, respectively. Roof deformation and failure were mainly concentrated in the shallow part within 2 m above the roof, and roof subsidence was larger than that of previous similar projects. Therefore, to prevent further dangerous accidents after two roof caving, one row of cable was forced to be strengthened between the two rows of cable.

3.2. Roof Structure Detection

Borehole imaging detection was carried out at 243 m and 276 m where local roof falling occurred. The type TYGD10 rock drilling detector was used. The roof drilling was 28 mm in diameter and 8 m in depth. The location of measuring point is shown in Figure 4. The results of borehole imaging are given in Table 1, and the rock drilling detector and representative failure images of the surrounding rock are shown in Figure 7.

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(b)

(c)

The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of borehole imaging. The failure depth of open-off cut was mainly concentrated within 2.5 m above the roof, especially the shallow surrounding rock within 1.5 m of the roof, which contained many broken areas and obvious damage. Therefore, there was almost no carrying capacity within 1.5 m above the roof, and there were interlayers between 2 and 3 m above the roof, most of which contained cracks. This interval had a certain residual carrying capacity. The rock layers with good integrity were distributed over 3 m above the roof. Besides, the lithologic distribution at different locations above the roof can be obtained by borehole imaging. The thickness of the interlayer at measuring points 1 and 2 was 0.40 m and 0.6 m, respectively, and the distance from the roof was 1.6 m and 2.1 m, respectively.

3.3. Cable Pull-Out Test

To obtain the actual anchoring effect of cable, the cable pull-out test in the abnormal roof area was carried out. Anchor cables with a diameter of 17.8 mm and a length of 6500 mm and 8000 mm were selected. Two cables of each type, two 500 mm resin anchoring agents were used for each cable. The tail of the anchor cable was exposed to 200 mm after installation. Md18-250/53 cable tensioned pump was used for the cable pull-out test, and the location of the measuring point is shown in Figure 4. The results obtained when the cable was pulled out are given in Table 2.

As can be seen from Table 2, the anchoring force was greater when the length of the anchor cable was 6500 mm. In addition, it can be seen from Figure 1 that the anchorage end of the 8000 mm anchor cable was partially located in the soft sandy mudstone, while the anchorage end of the 6500 mm cable was completely located in the medium and coarse sandstone rocks with high rock strength. According to the cable drawing test, the anchorage position of the cable was closely related to the strength of the overlying rock, and the anchorage effect was better when the anchorage end was located in the hard rock.

3.4. Rock Mechanics Parameter Testing

To obtain the mechanical properties of roof rock, the open-off cut roof was drilled and cored. The borehole has a diameter of 50 mm and a depth of 8 m. The testing process of core parameters is shown in Figure 8. According to the testing results of rock mechanics parameters and geological exploration drilling data, the rock mechanics parameters of 31206 open-off cut were obtained, as given in Table 3. As can be seen from Table 3, the surrounding rocks of the cut hole are all weak rocks. The compressive strength of the immediate roof sandy mudstone was only 16.9 MPa, and the sandy mudstone layer contained soft interlayers. Therefore, the self-bearing capacity of the roof is weak after the roadway excavation.

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(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

When the stress of surrounding rock exceeds the strength of rock, it will be broken and plastic zone will be produced [31, 32]. The surrounding rock in the plastic state may not produce large deformation immediately, but the macroscopic deformation and failure zone of surrounding rock must be within the plastic zone. Therefore, it is very important to study the morphology and size of plastic zone for understanding the failure mechanism of roadway.

The research method of numerical simulation and theoretical analysis plays an increasingly important role in geotechnical engineering [33–35]. Therefore, theoretical analysis and FLAC^3D numerical simulation were used to study the depth of plastic zone development in different roof rock assemblages and lithology. The length, width, and height of the numerical model were 50 m, 1.2 m, and 50 m, respectively, and the mesh size was 0.4 m × 0.4 m. The model fixed the boundary around and below, and the pressure coefficient was set at 1.4 based on the relevant geological data. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion was used to calculate the model, and initial stress equilibrium was performed by INI. The stratum division is changed according to different research contents, and the mechanical parameters of each stratum are given in Table 3.

4.1. Influence of Lithologic on the Failure of Surrounding Rock

4.1.1. Theoretical Analysis

At present, there is no theoretical formula for directly calculating the plastic zone of the surrounding rock of rectangular roadway. Based on the actual surrounding rock stress environment of the roadway and the theory of elasticity mechanics and the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, Ma et al. [36, 37] obtained the implicit equation for the plastic boundary R₀ of the surrounding rock of the circular roadway under the condition of bidirectional unequal pressure.where C and φ are the cohesion and internal friction angle of the surrounding rock, respectively; R₀ is the distance between the boundary of plastic zone and the center of the roadway, θ is the polar coordinate of any point, r is the radius of the roadway, P₃ is the vertical stress, and λ is the lateral pressure coefficient.

Before excavation, the stress environment at the fixed position of coal seam was given and constant, including vertical stress, horizontal stress, and lateral pressure coefficient. Therefore, according to equation (1), it can be concluded that when coal seam roadway was excavated, the roadway failure range around surrounding rocks was related to rock cohesion and friction angle. The relevant parameters (equivalent radius 4.18 m, vertical stress 3.25 MPa, lateral pressure coefficient 1.4) of the open-off cut are taken into equation (1), and the radius of the surrounding rock plastic zone can be obtained by changing the cohesion and internal friction angle, as shown in Figure 9. According to equation (1), the plastic zone of the roadway roof was negatively correlated with cohesion and internal friction angle, and the size of the plastic zone is directly determined by the soft rock stratum.

(a)

(b)

4.1.2. Numerical Analysis

The relationship between lithology and plastic zone was numerically simulated by the above numerical model. The rock stratum in the model was a single homogeneous sandy mudstone, and the rock mechanics parameters only took cohesion and internal friction angle as variables. The plastic zone distribution after cutting hole excavation was simulated when the cohesion was from 0.6 MPa to 1.5 MPa, and the internal friction angle was from 20° to 35°. The excavation of the model was consistent with the engineering practice. The width of the first excavation was 5.2 m, and the width of the second excavation was 2.4 m.

The numerical simulation results are shown in Figure 10. The range of plastic zone decreases with the increase of cohesion and internal friction angle. Besides, the plastic zone is more affected by cohesion.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

4.2. Influence of Weak Interlayer on the Failure of Surrounding Rock

4.2.1. Theoretical Analysis

Liu et al. [27] simplified the roadway roof with a soft interlayer into a rectangular composite beam composed of three kinds of rocks as shown in Figure 11, and the intermediate rock layer was a soft stratum. Assume that the thickness of 3 strata above the roadway roof from the bottom to the top was h1, h2, and h3, and the elastic modulus were E1, E2, and E3, respectively. The rectangular composite beam with unit width was used for force analysis. For the convenience of calculation, it was assumed that the lithology and thickness of the upper and lower strata are equal, that is, h1 = h3, E1 = E3, and the bending moment on the cross-section was M. According to the mechanics of materials, the maximum tensile stress σh1 of the lower strata is shown in the following equation.

Since the bending moment M of the composite beam only depended on constraint conditions and the load of the beam, it can be regarded as a fixed value. According to equation (2), when the thickness of the soft interlayer in the middle of the composite beam was fixed, the maximum tensile stress on the roof became smaller and smaller as the soft interlayer was further and further away from the roof. σh1 was directly related to h1/h2, so the thickness variation of the soft interlayer was an important factor affecting the stability of the roof.

4.2.2. Numerical Analysis

Figure 12 is the numerical simulation results of the influence of different interlayer states on the plastic zone. The left side of each figure is the columnar diagram of the rock strata. According to Figure 12, we can get the shape and size of the plastic zone of the roadway roof when the thickness of the interlayer (red) is different or the position of the interlayer (red) is different.

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(b)

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(d)

(e)

(f)

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(h)

(i)

(j)

When there was no influence of soft interlayer, the plastic zone depth of open-off cut roof was 1.6 m, as shown in Figure 12(a). When the soft interlayer with the thickness of 0.4 m was located within the range of 2.0 m above the roof, the depth of plastic zone above the roof increased to 2.0 m, and the plastic zone in the soft interlayer extended seriously, as shown in Figures 12(b)–12(d). When the soft interlayer with a thickness of 0.4 m was located at 2.4 m above the roof, the plastic zone depth of the roof was 2.8 m. The soft interlayer has an obvious influence on the roof when it was located in a certain range above the roof, as shown in Figure 12(e). When the soft interlayer with a thickness of 0.4 m was located above 2.8 m of the roof, there is a certain distance between the plastic zone of the soft interlayer and the plastic zone of the immediate roof. The plastic zone of the roof below the soft interlayer was consistent with Figures 12(f)∼12(g). The plastic failure of the soft interlayer in the roof occurs because the soft interlayer reaches its failure limit under the condition of the given stress environment [24, 26]. However, the failure of the soft interlayer in the roof has a limit depth, and the limit failure depth of the soft interlayer in this open-off cut was 5.6 m, as shown in Figure 12(g). The influence of the soft interlayer thickness on the roof stability was also obvious [27, 38]. When the soft interlayer was increased from 0.4 m to 0.8 m, the effect of the soft interlayer on the expansion of the roof plastic zone was also increased by 0.8 m, as shown in Figures 12(f)–12(h). When the soft interlayer was located within 2.8 m above the roof, the extended plastic zone of the soft interlayer will be connected with the plastic zone of the immediate roof, which will constitute the potential roof falling zone of the open-off cut roof, as shown in Figure 12(h). The thickness of the soft interlayer cannot affect the expansion of the immediate roof plastic zone indefinitely. When the soft interlayer was 3.2 m above the roof, the increase of soft interlayer thickness would not lead to the connection between the soft interlayer plastic zone and the immediate roof plastic zone. At the same time, the expansion pressure in the plastic zone of the weak interlayer will promote the roof instability, as shown in Figures 12(i) and 12(j).

To sum up, the dramatic influence of 0.4 m and 0.8 m soft interlayers on roof instability was 2.4 m and 2.8 m, respectively. The thicker the soft interlayer, the greater the influence on the failure depth of the roof, but the critical depth was 5.6 m. Besides, the bearing capacity of the soft interlayer was weakened after plastic failure. The deformation pressure released by the interlayer plastic zone acted on the immediate roof and posed a threat to the roof stability, as shown in Figure 13.

4.3. Roof Failure Mechanism of Open-Off Cut

The numerical simulation of the open-off cut was carried out based on roof structure detection and relevant geological data. Combined with field monitoring, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis, the failure mechanism of the open-off cut roof can be obtained, as described below.(1)The lithology of the open-off cut roof is weak. The surrounding rock strength is low and the bearing capacity is poor, which is greatly affected by excavation disturbance [10, 38]. Plastic failure occurs when the regional stress field exceeds the rock strength after open-off cut excavation. The weakly consolidated rock mass has significant characteristics of postpeak strain softening and volume dilatancy deformation, which further intensifies the surrounding rock failure [39].(2)The open-off cut roof contains a soft interlayer. The soft interlayer layer will first breakdown and produce a plastic zone after the open-off cut excavation when the soft interlayer is located in the shallow part of the roof, and then, it will develop to the two sides, which is easy to cause layered roof falling [24]. When the soft interlayer is deep in the roof and the thickness is large, the interlayer above the intact roof will still produce plastic failure and release the expansion pressure after open-off cut excavation. The expansion pressure acts on the immediate roof in the form of load, thus forming a potential roof falling zone and threatening roof safety [26]. In addition, the bolt’s supporting function will be seriously affected when its anchorage end is located in the soft interlayer, which results in immediate roof instability.(3)The open-off cut section is larger. The section of the open-off cut is relatively large due to its specific functional properties, and with the increase of the chamber section, the stress concentration degree of surrounding rock, the fracture area, and the plastic zone are increased, and the phenomenon of roof falling is easy to appear [40].(4)Existing support is not reasonable. The supporting parameter adopted now is uniform, and it has not been changed or optimized according to different geological conditions [41, 42]. For example, the length of the roof anchor cable is always 8 m, but the cable anchoring effect is inconsistent in different rock strata. The immediate roof plastic zone is larger than the bolt length, so that the bolt may move with the surrounding rock in the plastic zone, but the spacing of anchor cables is too large.

5. Implementation Schemes

5.1. Support Function Analysis of Bolt and Anchor Cable

When adopting bolts to support the soft rock roadway, the roof damage range often exceeds the bolt support range. At this time, the function of the bolt is to improve the residual strength of the rock stratum to improve the bearing capacity and stability of the roof. However, without a certain density of anchor cable to provide timely and effective support, the bolt and the rock within the plastic zone will move together and collapse. Therefore, the shallow bolt support must be combined with a certain density of anchor cable support [32, 43, 44]. Because of the uncertainty of the interlayer position above the roof, there is a hidden danger of using a single length anchor cable. Therefore, the use of long and short anchor cables is to control the central and deep surrounding rocks, and the use of bolts is to control the shallow surrounding rocks. The shallow-medium-deep support system can guarantee the roof stability.

5.2. Supporting Scheme

The open-off cut roof was supported by the method of “left-rotation non-longitudinal reinforcement rebar bolt + anchor cable + W steel belt + metal welding net.” Rebar bolt with a diameter of 18 mm and length of 2500 mm is selected, and a “6-7-6″” layout is adopted with a row spacing of 1000 mm. The anchor cable with a diameter of 17.8 mm was selected, and the length was divided into two categories: 8000 mm and 6000 mm. The layout was “5-2-5″” and the row spacing was 1000 mm. The support parameters of the roadway ribs remained unchanged. Figure 14 shows the supporting diagram of panel 31207 open-off cut.

5.3. Field Application and Monitoring

Bolt and anchor cable support scheme as shown in Figure 14 was applied to 31207 open-off cut. During the excavation of the 31207 open-off cut, six observation stations of the basis point separation monitor were uniformly arranged. The installation of the station started 5 m behind the driving working face, and the observation stations shall be read before the daily morning shift. The following patterns were found by continuous readings of the installed measuring points. The roof sags up to 56 mm, and deformation was within 2 m. Deformation tended to be stable after 10 days of roadway excavation. The maximum deformation law measured is shown in Figure 15.

(a)

(b)

6. Conclusion

Through the systematic study of large section open-off cut in soft stratum, we mainly get the conclusion.(1)The failure characteristics, rock structure, and strength of 31206 open-off cut roofs were obtained by field monitoring. The maximum amount of roof subsidence in the open-off cut is 160 mm. The damage of surrounding rock is mainly concentrated within 2.5 m above the roof. The immediate roof contains a mudstone soft interlayer with a thickness of 0.4–0.6 m. The anchoring force of the roof anchor cable is related to the rock strength at the anchorage end.(2)The dimensions of the plastic zone are negatively correlated with cohesion and internal friction angle. Soft interlayer above roof promotes the expansion of the plastic zone. Different positions of the soft interlayer have different effects on roof instability, and the thicker the soft interlayer is, the greater the hidden danger is. Besides, the ultimate influence height of the soft interlayer on the roof is 5.6 m, and the interlayer outside this height range does not influence the roof.(3)The damage mechanism of the open-off cut roof is obtained, and specific control techniques are proposed. Roof failure is the result of the weak surrounding rock, the soft interlayer above the roof, the large section, and the unreasonable support. The shallow-middle-deep support system of bolt and anchor cable is proposed, and the effect of surrounding rock control is good after application.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

C. Li and J. Li conceptualized the study; C. Li and Y. E. Li developed methodology; X. Y. Lian and Q. Xue investigated the study; C. Li and J. C. Feng wrote the article.

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51804118).

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