Optimization and Application of Spacing Parameter for Loosening Blasting with 24-m-High Bench in Barun Open-Pit Mine

Table 1

List of symbols.

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 = Radius of cavity

c = propagational velocity of longitudinal wave

e = base of the natural system of logarithms

m  = constant (when t = 0, m  = 0)

n = constant (when t = 0, n = 0)

p = variable pressure

 = Constant pressure

t = time

l = radial distance from the center of the cavity

A = constant

B = constant

α = phase angle

β = phase angle

γ = phase angle

 = Radial strain

 = Displacement potential function

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