Kinematic Optimization of a Flexible Wing Undergoing Flapping and Pitching

Table 1

Wing morphological parameters of the numerical albatross-wing model.

Parameter	The albatross-wing model
Half span length [21], l (m)	1.08
Wing area [21], S (m^2)	0.178
Mean chord length, c = S/l (m)	0.1648
Aspect ratio for one wing [21], AR	6.55
Weight of the flyer [22], W (N)	30.184
Density of the wing [23], ρs (kg/m^3)	1200
Density of air [24], ρf (kg/m^3)	1.23
Young’s modulus [25], E (GPa)	5.2
Flapping frequency [22], f (Hz)	2.97
Velocity [26], U∞ (m/s)	16.7
Reduced frequency, k = πfc/U∞	0.092
Reynolds number, Re	1.9 × 10^5