Kinematic Optimization of a Flexible Wing Undergoing Flapping and Pitching

Table 4

Optimal kinematics results from the DIRECT algorithm.

	Rigid model	Flexible model (with gravity)	Flexible model (without gravity)
Kinematic parameter (deg, °)
γa	39.97°	39.48°	39.75°
θ0	3.340°	3.395°	3.395°
θa	11.07°	13.29°	13.32°
φθ	86.91°	83.83°	83.74°
Aerodynamic characteristics
	0.5093	0.4942	0.4942
	0.0293	0.0571	0.0589
Η	0.1352	0.1773	0.1792
Average force (N)
	15.555 N	15.095 N	15.095 N
	－0.893 N	－1.745 N	－1.799 N