Effect of Near-Fault Pulsed Ground Motions on Seismic Response and Seismic Performance to Tunnel Structures

Table 1

Physical and mechanical parameters used in the numerical simulation.

Group	(GPa)		(kg·m^−3)	(MPa)	(°)	(MPa)
Rock mass	4.0	0.3	2300	0.5	33.0	4.0
Lining	30	0.3	2300	3.18	54.9	1.23