Study on the Safety Evaluation Method of Life-Saving Passage in Building Ruins under the Action of Aftershock

Table 2

Frequently used load duration factors C_d.

Load duration	Cd	Typical design loads
Permanent	0.9	Dead load
Ten years	1.0	Occupancy live load
Two mouths	1.15	Snow load
Seven days	1.25	Construction load
Ten minutes	1.6	Wind/earthquake load
Impact	2.0	Impact load