Adoption of Biosecurity Practices in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Ethiopia

Table 1

Farm and farmer demographic characteristics (n = 159).

	Percentage
Gender
Male	23.9
Female	76.1
Farmer with an additional source of income	53.5
Dairy farming experience
<5 years	47.2
5–10 years	14.5
>10 years	38.4
Milk marketing channels (value chains)
Subsistence (excess milk sold, i.e., beyond household consumption)	23.9
Informal	54.1
Formal	10.1
Both formal and informal	11.9
	Mean (SE)
Farmers’ age (years)	41.7 (1.0)
Herd sizes	16.5 (1.2)
Number of lactating cows	8.3 (0.7)
Number of calves	11.8 (7.5)
Amount of milk sold per day (litres)	121 (27)
Milk selling price (Ethiopian birr/litre)	27 (1)
Labour working at farm
Adult men working on a farm	3.1 (0.5)
Adult women working on a farm	1.3 (0.2)

S.E., standard error of mean. Ethiopian birr was equivalent to 0.019 USD in June 2022.