Research Article

Adoption of Biosecurity Practices in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Ethiopia

Table 2

External biosecurity measures adopted by dairy farmers (in percentage) (n = 159).

Purchase and reproduction%

 The farm has a single-controlled entrance86.2
 Farm fenced91.2
 The farm has a farm gate to control movement96.6
 Requires proof of origin and health status when purchasing cattle13.8
 Tests newly purchased cattle for diseases10.1
 Quarantines newly purchased cattle12.0
 Tests milk from purchased cows before introducing them to the herd8.81
 Controls breeding (use of AI) at the farm level71.1
 The mean number adopted out of the eight measures—mean (SD)3.81 (1.37)

Transport of live and dead livestock%

 Vehicles must pass through a disinfection bath at the entrance10.1
 Purchased cattle transported separately (no shared vehicles)83.0
 Keeps records of cattle deaths44.0
 A post-mortem examination is performed to determine the cause of cattle deaths12.6
 Performs safe disposal of dead cattle carcases35.2
 Farmer uses and cleans PPE used for handling and disposal of dead cattle carcase32.70
 Has dead cattle carcase storage area protected from vermin47.2
 The mean number adopted out of the measures—mean (SD)2.65 (1.54)

Feed and water%

 Purchase commercial feeds and minerals from markets4.40
 Conserve feeds on farm47.8
 Grow own feeds30.2
 Feeding system (practising intensive rather than extensive grazing systems)78.0
 Feed troughs are used for feeds only (not for other uses)71.1
 Feed troughs cleaned before refilling99.0
 Cattle are given clean and treated water57.2
 Water troughs cleaned before refilling99.4
 The mean number adopted out of the eight measures—mean (SD)4.83 (1.19)

Visitors and workers%

 Visitors must notify the farmer of their presence59.1
 Sanitation facilities (hand washing or sanitiser) available in the cattle shed40.9
 Employees must wash their hands before entering the cattle shed60.0
 Presence of disinfection foot bath outside cattle shed28.3
 Farmworkers do not work on or visit other cattle farms75.5
 Knows if visitors and workers pose a disease introduction risk (and controls the risk)59.8
 The mean number adopted out of the six measures—mean (SD)3.25 (1.36)

Vermin and pest control%

 Controls (cuts) overgrown vegetation around the cattle shed46.5
 Has an insect control plan35.8
 Has a rodent control plan32.7
 Has a bird control plan25.2
 Has ectoparasite control plan76.1
 Has an endoparasite control plan94.3
 The mean number adopted out of the six measures—mean (SD)3.11 (1.52)

PPE, personal protective equipment and clothing; SD, standard deviation.