Microbial Food Safety Assessment of Organic Food and Feed: Notifications in the EU RASFF during 2020–2022. A Systematic Review

Table 1

Comparison of the presence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes between conventional and organic foodstuffs.

Product category	Organic/bio product	Bacteria	Prevalence in organic products compared to conventional products	Antibiotic resistance in organic products compared to conventional products	Reference
Meats	Turkey meat	C. jejuni	Higher prevalence in organic samples	Lower antibiotic resistance rates in organic samples	Tenhagen et al. [4]
		Enterococcus sp.	No data available	Lower antibiotic resistance rates in organic samples	[21]
	Chicken products	E. coli	No data available	No statistical differences in antibiotic resistances	[7]
		Campylobacter spp.	Lower prevalence in organic samples		[22]
		Salmonella spp.	Lower prevalence in organic samples
		L. monocytogenes	No statistical differences in the prevalence		[23]
		Enterococcus sp.	Lower prevalence in organic samples	Lower antibiotic resistances in organic samples	[24]
			Higher prevalence in organic samples		[25]
				Lower antibiotic resistance rates in organic samples
				Lower antibiotic resistance rates in organic samples	[21]
	Pork products	L. monocytogenes	Lower prevalence in organic samples		[26]
	Chicken breast	Salmonella		Lower antibiotic resistance rates in organic samples	[5]
	Ground beef ground turkey	Campylobacter, Enterococcus
	Pork chops	E. coli
Vegetables	Lettuce	Tetracycline and sulfadiazine-resistant bacteria		No statistical differences in antibiotic resistances	[8]
		E. coli	Higher prevalence in organic samples		[27]
	Variety of vegetables	E. coli	No statistical differences in the prevalence		[28]
Milk and milk products	Fresh cheese	Staphylococcus spp.		No statistical differences in antibiotic resistances	[26]
	Milk	S. aureus	Lower prevalence in organic samples		[29]
Eggs	Egg content	Enterococcus spp.	Lower prevalence in organic samples		Schwaiger et al. [30]
	Eggshell		No statistical differences in the prevalence
	Eggshell and egg content	E. faecalis		Lower antibiotic resistance rates in organic samples