Phylogenetic and Molecular Characteristics of Wild Bird-Origin Avian Influenza Viruses Circulating in Poland in 2018−2022: Reassortment, Multiple Introductions, and Wild Bird–Poultry Epidemiological Links
Table 1
A summary of AIV-positive wild bird samples included in the present study.
Sample source
Collection period
AIV subtype
Host species
Sample matrix
Total
Active surveillance
2018–2021
LPAIV H3N8
Mallard duck
Cloacal and/or oropharyngeal swab
2
Common teal
2
LPAIV H5N2
Mallard duck
1
LPAIV H9N2
Mute swan, mallard duck
2
LPAIV H9N7
Black-headed gull
1
LPAIV H16N3
Herring gull
1
Passive surveillance
2020–2021
HPAIV H5N1
White stork
Internal organs including brain tissue
1
HPAIV H5N5
Tufted duck
1
HPAIV H5N8
Tundra bean goose (Mute) swan Wild goose buzzard White stork
18
Passive surveillance
2021–2022
LPAIV H2N3
Swan
Internal organs including brain tissue
1
HPAIV H5N1
(Mute) swan Greylag goose Crane Mallard duck Hawk White-fronted goose Herring gull Black-headed gull Sandwich tern Common tern Common murre
22
An asterisk () indicates coinfection of two different AIV subtypes.
