An X-ray method to observe in-situ cube grain growth during recrystallization has been devised using
a hot stage to measure the growth kinetics. Complementary studies, using electron channelling contrast,
electron backscattered pattern and X-ray textural analysis, revealed that specific thermal-mechanical
history can precipitate out Fe solutes such that the matrix is sufficiently pure to undergo continuous
recrystallization even though a fine distribution of precipitate are initially formed. These precipitates
control via Zener drag the grain size upon complete recrystallization. On the other hand, 2 to 3 ppm
(atomic) of Fe is sufficient to impose discontinuous recrystallization where the final grain size is
controlled by grain impingement. The apparent activation energies for grain growth during recrystallization
can be separated into two categories, the one for continuous recrystallization is smaller than that for
Fe diffusion in Al and the one for discontinuous process is larger. Examination of volume fraction for
each textural component reveals that during recrystallization the amount of cube texture growth
correlates best with the decrease of the brass component. The increase in volume fraction of cube texture
during recrystallization corresponds very well to the hot stage observations of cube grain growth.

S. Saimoto

Jian Li

G. Langelaan

B. J. Diak

J. Shimizu

Formation of Cube Texture in Nominally Pure Aluminum With Fine Particle Dispersion

Measurements of the crystallographic orientation of individual grains provide information on the spatial
arrangement and distribution of orientations in a crystalline solid, i.e. on the orientation topography,
which can be utilized to establish a basis for a deeper understanding of the microstructural mechanisms
during deformation and recrystallization of metallic materials.Techniques for the convenient measurement of single grain orientations with high accuracy by
evaluation of Kikuchi diagrams in a TEM and SEM (EBSD) are introduced. The principles of Kikuchi
pattern formation as well as the measuring and evaluation procedures are outlined. Particular attention
is focused on the automation of pattern indexing in order to provide fully automated evaluation routines.
The unique potential of these techniques is demonstrated by two examples pertaining to the
microstructural evolution during the formation of recrystallization nuclei and their subsequent growth.

O. Engler

C. Escher

G. Gottstein

Single Grain Orientation Measurements
Applied to the Formation and Growth of
Recrystallization Nuclei

H. J. Bunge

In Memoriam William Hsun Hu

A new technique is presented which permits to obtain the relative critical strengths of the slip and
twinning systems in polycrystalline materials. It consists in an experimental and a simulation part. In
the experience, slip line analysis and grain orientation measurements are carried out and the operating
slip and twinning systems are identified in each selected grain. In the subsequent simulations, a crystal
plasticity code is used to modelise the plastic behaviour, especially, the slip activity of the grains. The
relative crss values of the slip systems are then varied and the simulations are repeated iteratively until
the experimental slip activity is reproduced with the very same combination of crss for all the grains.
An application is presented for a Titanium alloy (Ti40).

L. S. T&#xF3;th

M. Serghat

A Technique to Determine the Relative Strengths of Deformation Mechanisms in Hexagonal Materials

Depending on the strain and temperature regime examined recovery of bcc metals during hot rolling
or annealing subsequent to cold deformation often leads to the preservation of certain deformation texture
components. A broad variety of mesoscopic and macroscopic texture data from both hot rolled and
cold rolled and annealed bcc metals (Fe, Ta, Mo, Nb) and alloys (low-carbon steels, ferritic stainless
steels, transformer steels) is re-examined with respect to such phenomena. The data suggest that two
conditions promote strong recovery of certain bcc deformation texture components (e.g. {001}
&#x3C;110&#x3E;), namely, the absence of kinetic instabilities, and the absence of thermodynamic and mechanic
instabilities. The first case applies if the grains do not tend to generate large local misorientations in
their interiors during plastic deformation. The second case applies if the stored dislocation density is
low. Both features depend on the grain orientation. The experimental observations are complemented
by three types of numerical simulations. The influence of the number of Burgers vectors equally involved
during preceding deformation on the kinetics of static recovery is numerically studied using 2
dimensional dislocation dynamics. The orientation dependent inclination to generate local misorientations
in the grain interiors is simulated using a Taylor type approach with different constraints on either side
of the grain. The influence of the orientation dependence of recovery on the final annealing texture
is simulated using a 3 dimensional cellular automation. Experiment and simulation show that both the
recovery kinetics and the tendency to form kinetic instabilities considerably depend on the orientation.
The latter effect seems to be essential for the prevalence of either RX or RC.

D. Raabe

F. Roters

V. Marx

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of the
Correlation of Recovery and Texture in Bcc Metals and Alloys

B. B. Rath

Dr. William Hsun Hu

The function describing the variation of plastic anisotropy <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:math> at the uniaxial deformation <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B5;</mml:mi></mml:math> is a
compendium of knowledge on polycrystalline metals subdued to plastic working. In real single crystals
<mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:math>(<mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B5;</mml:mi></mml:math>) function characterizes the degree of imperfection of the crystallographic orientation (&#x201C;texture of
a single crystal&#x201D;). It has been shown that the best fitting function of the <mml:math id="E5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:math>-<mml:math id="E6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B5;</mml:mi></mml:math> relationship for single crystals
as well as for polycrystalline metals is that based on a hyperbolic function.

W. Truszkowski

J. Kloch

The Variation of Strain Ratio at the Tensile Test Described by a Hyperbolic Function

The way in which large and small particles influence on recrystallised grain size and texture is considered
with special emphasis on the processing of aluminium. It is well known that large particles might induce
nucleation of recrystallised grains, while finely dispersed small particles will exert a pinning force on
boundary movement. It the present paper, these two effects of particles will be discussed in detail. The
discussion will to some extent be in an overview form, but also new ideas and recent experimental
results will be presented. These include cases where strong effects are caused by small precipitated
particles.

Hans Erik Vatne

Steinar Benum

Ole Daaland

Erik Nes

The Effect of Particles on Recrystallisation Textures and Microstructures

Pole figures in the classical sense are defined by the integral intensities of Bragg reflections. The conventional technique of pole figure measurement uses a single detector (usually a scintillation counter) with a wide receiving slit where the integral intensity of a given Bragg reflection is obtained directly. The usage of a position sensitive detector instead of a single detector allows to measure whole diffraction profiles simultaneously. Integral intensities of the diffraction peaks can then be obtained mathematically using peak profile analysis both on overlapped (profile deconvolution) and separated (profile fitting) reflections.The peak profile analysis provides, besides the integral intensity, also several other peak parameters characterizing an individual (hkl)-reflection. These are the peak maximum intensity, peak position or
peak shift, peak width or peak shape parameters, the local peak background, as well as the fitting error. The availability of all these peak profile parameters in each sample position allows to define and plot new generalized &#x201C;pole figures&#x201D;. Besides the texture information contained in the integral intensity pole figures these generalized pole figures contain information about different other microstructural quantities, e.g. particle size, lattice strain, diffuse scattering and amorphous phases. Fitting error pole figures can be interpreted as a measure of the experimental accuracy and profile fitting effectivity.Some examples of conventional integral intensity pole figures and generalized diffraction profile pole figures in metal and polymer samples are presented.

L. Wcislak

Diffraction Profile Pole Figures Measured with a Position Sensitive Detector

Crystals KCl as undergone pressure induced polymorphic transformation were investigated. Microstmcture
and crystallographic orientations of the crystals were studied at once after the pressure removal
and as stayed at room temperature for some time. The occurrence of at least six systems of plane defects
connected with high pressure treatment at 20 kMPa is found. Their crystallographic indices are
determined. It is found that in KCl crystals after pressure induced polymorphic transformation
recrystallization takes place at room temperature. Two stages of recrystallization at room temperature
were observed: growth of twins of cubic texture and grain boundary migration.

B. E. Borisenko

A. B. Gnesin

Recrystallization of KCL Crystals
After Pressure Induced Polymorphic
Transformation. Twin Growth, Grain
Boundary Migration

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Texture, Stress, and Microstructure

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Published Special Issues

Texture, Stress, and Microstructure

In Memoriam William Hsun Hu

In Memoriam William Hsun Hu

Articles

Formation of Cube Texture in Nominally Pure Aluminum With Fine Particle Dispersion

Single Grain Orientation Measurements Applied to the Formation and Growth of Recrystallization Nuclei

In Memoriam William Hsun Hu

A Technique to Determine the Relative Strengths of Deformation Mechanisms in Hexagonal Materials

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of the Correlation of Recovery and Texture in Bcc Metals and Alloys

Dr. William Hsun Hu

The Variation of Strain Ratio at the Tensile Test Described by a Hyperbolic Function

The Effect of Particles on Recrystallisation Textures and Microstructures

Diffraction Profile Pole Figures Measured with a Position Sensitive Detector

Recrystallization of KCL Crystals After Pressure Induced Polymorphic Transformation. Twin Growth, Grain Boundary Migration