Resistance Training Interventions for Lower Limb Tendinopathies: A Scoping Review of Resistance Training Reporting Content, Quality, and Scientific Implementation

Table 3

Characteristics and reporting scores of the 194 included studies.

Author	Study design	Tendinopathy	Resistance training type	Resistance training exercise	TBF/13	CERT/19	RTP/10
Abdelkader et al. [37]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	11	2
Alfredson et al. [36]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	7
Balius et al. [38]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	8	10	4
Bell et al. [39]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	7	14	6
Beyer et al. [14]	RCT	Achilles	HSRT, ECCT	Heel raises	12	17	9
Boesen et al. [40]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Brown et al. [41]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	1	1	1
Chester et al. [42]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	7
Choudhary et al. [43]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	NR	8	12	7
De jonge et al. [44]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	8
De jonge et al. [45]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	6	11	5
De Vos et al. [46]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	6	11	5
De vos et al. [47]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	9
Gatz et al. [48]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT, ECCT + ISOM	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Habets et al. [49]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT, CONCT-ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop, heel raises	10	16	10
Hasani et al. [50]	RCT	Achilles	ISOT	Heel raises	13	18	9
Herrington et al. [51]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	8
Horstmann et al. [52]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	15	7
Kearney et al. [53]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	7
Kedia et al. [54]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Knobloch et al. [55]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	11	2
Koszalinski et al. [56]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	7	10	2
Mafi et al. [57]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT, CONCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	7
Mansur et al. [58]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	12	4
McCormack et al. [59]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	5
Munteanu et al. [60]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	10
Niesen-Vertommen [61]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT, CONCT	Heel raises	10	17	9
Norregaard et al. [62]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	9
Notarnicola et al. [63]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	NR	3	3	2
Pearson et al. [64]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	1	5	7
Petersen et al. [65]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	8
Praet et al. [66]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	17	10
Rabusin et al. [67]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	17	10
Romero-morales [68]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Romero-morales [69]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Rompe et al. [70]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	17	9
Rompe et al. [71]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	17	8
Rompe et al. [72]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	8
Roos et al. [73]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	9
Silbernagel et al. [74]	RCT	Achilles	General strength EX	Heel raises, plyometric heel raises	10	16	8
Silbernagel et al. [75]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Heel raises, plyometric heel raises	10	15	8
Solomons et al. [76]	RCT	Achilles	General strength EX	NR	1	11	6
Stefansson et al. [77]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	8
Stergioulas et al. [78]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Heel raises	11	16	10
Stevens and Tan [79]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	13	18	9
Tumilty et al. [80]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	17	9
Tumilty et al. [81]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	17	9
Van der vlist et al. [82]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Heel raises, plyometric heel raises	12	17	9
Yelland et al. [83]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	17	8
Yu et al. [84]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT, CONCT	Heel raises, alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Zhang et al. [85]	RCT	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	8
Kanniappan et al. [86]	Quasi	Achilles	ECCT, ISOM	Alfredson heel-drop, static plantar flexion	11	11	4
Stasinopoulos et al. [89]	Quasi	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop, heel raises	11	17	8
Van der vlist et al. [88]	Quasi	Achilles	ISOM, ISOT	Heel raises	12	17	8
De vos et al. [89]	OBS	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	14	8
Masood et al. [90]	L-CC	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	10
Abate et al. [91]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	9
Alfredson et al. [95]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	8
Alfredson et al. [96]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	7
Angermann et al. [94]	Cohort	Achilles	General strength EX	Heel raises	10	15	9
De jonge et al. [95]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	3	2	2
Fahlstrom et al. [96]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	7
Jonsson et al. [97]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	8
Lagas et al. [98]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	NR	1	0	2
Maffulli et al. [103]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	16	9
Mansur et al. [104]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	8
Mantovani et al. [110]	Cohort	Achilles	ISOM	Heel raises	12	18	8
O’Neill et al. [102]	Cohort	Achilles	ISOM	Dynamometer heel raise	10	11	4
Ohberg et al. [103]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	7
Ooi et al. [104]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	1	2	2
Robinson et al. [110]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Heel raises	8	12	2
Sancho et al. [111]	Cohort	Achilles	General strength EX	Heel raises, hip abduction and extension, hops, jumps	10	18	9
Sayana et al. [112]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	16	9
Shalabi et al. [113]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	16	8
Von Wehren et al. [109]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	11	4
Wei et al. [110]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	9
Wetke et al. [111]	Cohort	Achilles	ISOT	Heel raises	10	16	9
Wheeler et al. [112]	Cohort	Achilles	ECCT	NR	1	3	2
Langberg et al. [113]	CC	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	10
Park et al. [114]	CC	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	11	14	8
Ram et al. [115]	CC	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	13	8
Benito et al. [116]	C. series	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	13	6
Deans et al. [117]	C. series	Achilles	General strength EX	NR	1	4	2
Jayaseelan et al. [118]	C. series	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	12	3
Pavone et al. [119]	C. series	Achilles	ECCT	NR	1	4	2
Silbernagel et al. [120]	C. series	Achilles	ECCT, plyometric EX	Heel raises, plyometric heel raises	10	14	7
Syverston et al. [121]	C. series	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	11	4
Wheeler et al. [122]	C. series	Achilles	General strength EX	NR	1	5	2
Borda et al. [123]	C. report	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	11	2
Cuddeford et al. [124]	C. report	Achilles	ECCT	Heel-drop on leg press	8	15	8
Eckenrode et al. [125]	C. report	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop, bridging, hip abduction, squat	12	14	7
Francis et al. [126]	C. report	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	8
Greene et al. [127]	C. report	Achilles	General strength EX	Heel raises, squats, leg pulls	8	14	7
McCormack et al. [128]	C. report	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	14	7
Papa et al. [129]	C. report	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	13	5
Ross et al. [130]	C. report	Achilles	General strength EX	Heel raises, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, plyometric	10	16	8
Thompson et al. [131]	C. report	Achilles	General strength EX	Squats, pelvic thrust, deadlift, heel raises, band walks, lunges	11	14	7
Gardin et al. [132]	BAD	Achilles	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	10	4
Croisier et al. [133]	Cohort	Achilles, patellar	Isokinetic ECCT	Dynamometer heel raise, knee extension	10	16	8
Pinkelman et al. [134]	C. report	EHL	Manually resisted EX	Great toe extension	8	14	7
Clifford et al. [15]	RCT	Gluteal	ISOM, ISOT	Isometric and isotonic hip abduction exercises	12	18	9
Cowan et al. [135]	RCT	Gluteal	General strength EX	Isometric and isotonic hip exercises	10	17	9
Ganderton et al. [136]	RCT	Gluteal	General strength EX	Isometric and isotonic hip exercises	10	17	9
Mellor et al. [137]	RCT	Gluteal	General strength EX	Isometric and isotonic hip exercises	11	18	10
Ramon et al. [138]	RCT	Gluteal	General strength EX	Bridging, hip abduction and extension	10	12	2
Thompson et al. [139]	RCT	Gluteal	ECCT	Lunges, squats	6	10	5
Wheeler et al. [140]	RCT	Gluteal	General strength EX	Hip abduction, bridging, clams	7	13	7
Van Rooy et al. [141]	C. report	Gluteal	ECCT	Hip abduction, lunges bridging	10	12	4
Cacchio et al. [142]	RCT	Hamstring	General strength EX	Leg curls, lunge, squat, CM jumps, deadlift, hip strength exercises	8	7	4
Cushman et al. [143]	C. report	Hamstring	ECCT	Hip extension	10	12	4
Jayaseelan et al. [144]	C. report	Hamstring	General strength EX	Leg curl, deadlift, bridging, hip abduction	10	14	7
Krueger et al. [145]	C. report	Hamstring	HSRT	Squat, deadlift, hip thrust, leg curl, reverse lunge	11	15	8
McCormack et al. [146]	C. report	Hamstring	ECCT	Leg curl, hip extension, bridging, lunges Nordics, deadlift	10	13	4
Rauseo et al. [147]	C. report	Iliopsoas	ECCT	Hip flexion, bridging, squats, deadlift	10	15	8
Alvarez et al. [148]	RCT	P. tibial	General strength EX	Heel raises, plantarflexion, adduction, inversion	10	17	9
Houck et al. [149]	RCT	P. tibial	General strength EX	Heel raises, plantarflexion, adduction, inversion	11	17	9
Kulig et al. [150]	RCT	P. tibial	Isokinetic ECCT, CONCT	Resisted adduction with plantarflexion	12	17	10
Kulig et al. [151]	C. series	P. tibial	ECCT	Resisted adduction with plantarflexion	11	15	10
Robinson et al. [152]	C. series	P. tibial	General strength EX	Heel raises, short foot	8	11	2
Patla et al. [153]	C. report	P. tibial	General strength EX	Heel raises, pronation and supination	8	13	3
Abat et al. [154]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	9	8	2
Agergaard et al. [155]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT, M-HSRT	Leg press and extension	13	17	10
Bahr et al. [156]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	11	14	8
Biernat et al. [157]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	14	7
Breda et al. [158]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT, ECCT	DSL squat, leg press, knee extension, hip strength exercises	10	17	9
Cannell et al. [159]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT, ISOT	Drop squat, knee extension and curl	11	14	8
Da Cunha et al. [160]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	14	8
Dimitrios et al. [161]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	11	17	8
Dragoo et al. [162]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	NR	1	5	2
Frohm et al. [163]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	11	14	8
Holden et al. [164]	RCT	Patellar	ISOM, dynamic EX	Knee extension	12	13	5
Jensen et al. [165]	RCT	Patellar	Isokinetic ECCT	Dynamometer heel raise	11	16	8
Jonsson et al. [166]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT, CONCT	DSL squat	10	15	7
Kaux et al. [167]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	Wall squat	11	13	5
Kongsgaard et al. [16]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT, ECCT	DSL squat, hack squat, leg press, squat	12	17	9
Lee et al. [168]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	11	14	9
Lopez-royo et al. [169]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	14	7
MacDonald et al. [170]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT, ECCT + hip	DSL squat, isotonic hip exercises	10	16	8
Olesen et al. [171]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT	Squat, leg press, knee extension, hack squat	10	14	7
Pietrosimone et al. [172]	RCT	Patellar	ISOM	Knee extension	12	12	4
Rio et al. [173]	RCT	Patellar	ISOM, ISOT	Knee extension	12	13	5
Rio et al. [174]	RCT	Patellar	ISOM, ISOT	Knee extension	12	16	9
Ruffino et al. [175]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT, isoinertial	Squat, leg press, knee extension, hack squat	13	17	9
Scott et al. [176]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT	NR	1	5	2
Sprague et al. [177]	RCT	Patellar	HSRT	Squat, leg press, knee extension, hack squat	13	18	9
Stasinopolous et al. [178]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	14	7
Steunebrink et al. [179]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	Alfredson heel-drop	10	15	10
Thijs et al. [180]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	16	7
Van Ark et al. [181]	RCT	Patellar	ISOT, ISOM	Knee extension	12	16	8
Van Ark et al. [182]	RCT	Patellar	ISOM, ISOT	Knee extension	12	14	8
Van der Worp et al. [183]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	9	16	8
Visnes et al. [184]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	15	9
Wang et al. [185]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	Quadriceps and hamstring strengthening	1	3	2
Warden et al. [186]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	17	9
Young et al. [187]	RCT	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	16	10
Vander doelen et al. [188]	R chart	Patellar	General strength EX	Knee extension, leg press, squat, hack squat	11	14	5
Purdam et al. [189]	Quasi	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat, squat	10	14	7
Abat et al. [190]	Cohort	Patellar	Isoinertial ECCT	NR	10	12	5
Abat et al. [191]	Cohort	Patellar	Isoinertial ECCT	Leg press	10	10	4
Basas et al. [192]	Cohort	Patellar	ISOT	NR	8	14	7
Kaux et al. [193]	Cohort	Patellar	ECCT	NR	3	4	2
Kaux et al. [194]	Cohort	Patellar	ECCT, ISOM	DSL squat	11	16	9
Kongsgaard et al. [195]	Cohort	Patellar	HSRT	Knee extension, leg press, hack squat, squat	12	15	7
Panni et al. [196]	Cohort	Patellar	General strength EX	NR	1	2	2
Bianco et al. [197]	C. series	Patellar	General strength EX	DSL squat, squat, drop squat, SL squat, jump downs, mini squat	8	14	5
Morton et al. [198]	C. series	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	1	5	2
Munoz fernandez [199]	C. series	Patellar	General strength EX	Clams, bridging, DSL squat, squat, deadlift, short foot, hip abduction, pelvic drops	10	12	4
Romero-rodriguez et al. [200]	C. series	Patellar	Isoinertial ECCT	Flywheel	12	15	10
Skovlund et al. [201]	C. series	Patellar	LL-BFRT	Knee extension, leg press	13	17	9
Van ark et al. [202]	C. series	Patellar	General strength EX	Heel raises, squats, hip abduction, SL squat, lunges, step-downs, bridging, jumps	11	16	8
Cuddeford et al. [203]	C. report	Patellar	LL-BFRT	DSL squat, leg press	12	15	8
Dumont et al. [204]	C. report	Patellar	ECCT	Drop squats	10	16	9
Goldman et al. [205]	C. report	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squats, leg press, knee extension, leg curls, step-downs, heel taps	11	14	7
McCreesh et al. [206]	C. report	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squat	10	13	5
Rowan et al. [207]	C. report	Patellar	ECCT	DSL squats	8	10	2
Silva et al. [208]	C. report	Patellar	Hip strength EX	Hip extension, birddog, deadlift, drop jumps	11	14	8
Morgan et al. [209]	BAD	Patellar	General strength EX	NR	4	6	6
Hensley et al. [210]	C. report	Peroneal	General strength EX	Heel raises, inversion and eversion	10	13	5
Chesterton et al. [211]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	Foot, calf and hip strength exercises	2	14	6
Cil et al. [212]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	Foot, ankle and hip exercises	9	10	5
Johannsen et al. [213]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	Heel raises, inversion	4	8	4
Johannsen et al. [214]	RCT	Plantar	HSRT	Heel raises, inversion	3	5	2
Kamonseki et al. [215]	RCT	Plantar	Foot, hip strength EX	Foot, ankle and hip exercises	10	13	5
Rasenberg et al. [216]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	NR	1	0	3
Rathleff et al. [17]	RCT	Plantar	HSRT	Heel raises	11	14	5
Riel et al. [19]	RCT	Plantar	HSRT	Heel raises	13	17	9
Riel et al. [217]	RCT	Plantar	ISOM, ISOT	Heel raises	13	14	7
Ryan et al. [218]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	Inversion and eversion	6	11	3
Thong-On et al. [219]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	Heel raises, inversion and eversion, toe curls	10	17	9
Wheeler et al. [220]	RCT	Plantar	General strength EX	Heel raises, foot strength exercises	0	8	2
Riel et al. [221]	Cohort	Plantar	HSRT	Heel raise	13	18	9
Wheeler et al. [222]	Cohort	Plantar	General strength EX	Heel raises, IFM strength	2	5	2
Dos Santos et al. [223]	C. report	Plantar	Hip strength EX	Hip abduction, extension, adduction and flexion	5	9	2
Lee et al. [224]	C. report	Plantar	Hip strength EX	NR	1	4	2

CERT: Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template; TBF: Toigo and Boutellier Framework; RTP: resistance training principles; ECCT: eccentric training; CONCT: concentric training; ISOM: isometric: ISOT: isotonic; EX: exercise; LL-BFRT: low-load blood flow restriction training; HSRT: heavy slow resistance training; C. series: case series; C. report: case report; CC: case control; BAD: before-after design; L-CC: longitudinal case-control; OBS: observational; QUASI: quasiexperimental; P.tibial: Posterior tibial; NR: not reported; DSL: decline single-leg; R chart: retrospective chart review; FHL: flexor hallucis longus.