Cellular and Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Table 1

Markers involved in orthodontic tooth movement collected from dental tissues (alveolar bone, periodontium and pulp).

Marker	Function	Sample	Method	Sources
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)	Bone formation	Rat pulp tissue	Quantitative RT-PCR	[7, 8]
Cathepsin K	Root and bone resorption; expressed in odontoclasts and osteoclasts	Rat maxillary bone	Hybridization	[9]
Endothelin-1, endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB)	Stimulates the proliferation of osteoblasts; their downregulation indicates the end of stage 2 and start of stage 3	Rat alveolar bone	RT-PCR	[10]
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)	Mediates bone formation in the tension area	Rat maxilla tissue	Immunohistochemistry	[11]
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)	Mediates inflammation-induced bone resorption in the compression area.	Rat maxilla tissue	Immunohistochemistry	[11]
Ki-67	Proliferation	Rat maxilla	Immunohistochemistry	[12]
Muscle segment homeobox 1 (Msx1)	Regulator for bone formation	Human alveolar mucoperiosteum	Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunohistochemistry	[7, 13]
Muscle segment homeobox 2 (Msx2)	Regulator for bone formation	Mouse periodontal ligament tissue	Histopathological, Immunohistochemistry	[7, 14]
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)	Osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor	Rat mandible	RT-PCR	[15]
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)	Osteoclastic differentiation	Rat maxilla	Immunohistochemistry	[12]
Runx2	Osteoblast precursor	Rat maxilla	Immunohistochemistry	[12]
Transforming Growth Factor-B (TGF-B)	Bone formation	Rat alveolodental connective tissue	Immunohistochemistry	[7]