Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain in Heavy Metal-Induced Neurotoxicity: Effects of Cadmium, Mercury, and Copper

Figure 2

Time- and dose-dependent effects of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Hg²⁺ on ROS formation by PC12 cells measured spectrofluorometrically using DCFH₂-DA as the ROS-sensitive probe. The results are expressed in % to corresponding control (*𝑃<0.05 compared to untreated control; 𝑛=3–7 independent experiments).

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