Ankle-Brachial Index Is a Powerful Predictor of Renal Outcome and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of study participants grouped by ABI.

Characteristic	All patients; N = 436	ABI < 0.9; N = 54	ABI ≧ 0.9; N = 382	𝑃 value
Age (year)	73.4±10.5	77.7±7.4	72.8±10.7	<0.001
Male gender (%)	77.8	85.2	76.7	0.161
Diabetes mellitus (%)	36.9	57.4	34.0	0.001
Hypertension (%)	87.4	96.3	86.1	0.035
Mean ABI	1.06±0.17	0.71±0.15	1.11±0.09	<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)	144.3±20.2	152.6±22.5	143.1±19.6	0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	77.5±10.8	77.2±11.8	77.5±10.7	0.835
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	66.8±15.0	75.4±17.0	65.6±14.3	<0.001
BMI	24.8±3.7	24.7±3.5	24.8±3.8	0.943
Albumin level (g/L)	41.1±4.3	39.8±4.4	41.3±4.3	0.014
Hemoglobin level (g/L)	115.1±18.4	113.7±18.2	115.3±18.5	0.563
Cholesterol level (mmol/L)	4.41±0.96	4.29±0.76	4.42±0.99	0.386
Uric acid level (μmol/L)	389.4±104.3	413.2±100.1	386.1±104.6	0.074
Calcium level (mmol/L)	2.27±0.12	2.25±0.12	2.27±0.13	0.326
Phosphate (mmol/L)	1.16±0.25	1.17±0.23	1.16±0.26	0.654
UPCR (g/g)	1.6±2.7	2.5±3.5	1.5±2.5	0.041
GFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	28.0±13.0	24.8±11.7	28.4±13.2	0.057
CKD stage				0.219
Stage 3	40.4	29.6	41.9
Stage 4	40.4	46.3	39.5
Stage 5	19.3	24.1	18.6
Medication
ACE-I or ARB (%)	46.1	51.9	45.3	0.365
CCB (%)	50.5	66.7	48.2	0.011
β-blocker (%)	17.4	22.2	16.8	0.321
Statin (%)	21.8	27.8	20.9	0.255

ABI: ankle-brachial index, BP: blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, UPCR: urine protein/creatinine ratio, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, CKD: chronic kidney disease, ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, CCB: calcium channel blocker.